The change in the main morphological signs of grain pea plants as a result of long-term breeding

Introduction. Despite the great economic importance and high demand for peas as the main grain legume, its prevalence in production is relatively small due to its relatively low manufacturability. There is a need to select and introduce into production modern high-tech varieties with a high level of productivity that meet the specific requirements of manufacturers. This will significantly reduce the material costs of growing seeds. The purpose of the research is to study and identify changes in the most important morphological characteristics and plant productivity in varieties of grain peas from three different breeding periods. Materials and methods. The research was carried out in the breeding crop rotation of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution FRANTZ in 2021-2023. To achieve this goal, we used the genotypes of grain peas, conditionally divided by us into 3 groups (ancient, varieties of selection of the 80s – 90s of the XX century and modern genotypes). In each of these groups, 6 varieties were studied. Field experiments, phenological observations, accounting and measurements were carried out in full. The material was harvested in sheaves, manually, as the varieties matured, structural analysis of plants was carried out in laboratory conditions. Results and conclusions. In our research, we have confirmed the presence of changes in the main morphological features of grain peas that have occurred over the past few decades of breeding work with the crop. A decrease in the total length of the stem by 31.3% was noted due to a 50% reduction in the length of the internodes. The minimum length of the stem to the first productive node in plants of new varieties increased by 0.9%, but did not fall below 47.8 cm, which indicates the formation of a more compressed fruiting zone in them. The total number of nodes in modern genotypes increased by 2.2%, of which unproductive nodes showed an increase of 10.4%, and fruiting ones – 6.4%. At the same time, the average productivity of the studied modern varieties of FGBNU FRANTZ increased by 44.8% compared to the old ones. Conclusions. Based on this, it can be assumed that the above-mentioned trends are positive and can be used as the main directions for subsequent breeding work. Modern, technologically advanced, highly productive varieties with a strong stable stem of medium length with shortened internodes and a more compact fruiting zone constitute an undeniable alternative to long-stemmed, strongly spreading genotypes of the old selection.

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