Волгоградский государственный аграрный университет
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Efficiency of fodder crop rotations in the conditions оf Kharabalinsky and Limansky districts of the Astrakhan region
Introduction. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to introduce forage crop rotations in the arid zone, which are the basis for creating a full-fledged food supply, improving soil-forming processes, and preventing mass desertification of lands. Object. The object of the study is forage crop rotations developed for the conditions of the Kharabalinsky and Limansky regions – regional leaders in the production of potato monoculture. Materials and methods. The study used methods of systemic and complex analysis. Experimental research included the development and testing of schemes for scientifically based crop rotation in crop rotations. The research results showed that in the Kharabalinsky district of the Astrakhan region, a crop rotation consisting of three fields of alfalfa, one field of potatoes and one field of barley (option 3) had an advantage in yield, metabolic energy content, accumulation of organic matter in the soil and economic efficiency, which is higher the indicated indicators were significantly superior to the control option, which included 3 potato fields and 2 fallow fields, and option 2, represented by 3 alfalfa fields and 2 potato fields. In the Limansky district of the Astrakhan region, in terms of yield, metabolic energy content, accumulation of organic matter in the soil and economic efficiency, a crop rotation consisting of three fields of alfalfa, one field of winter wheat and one field of potatoes (option 3) showed higher indicators compared to the control option , consisting of 3 potato fields and 2 fallow fields and option 2, represented by 3 alfalfa fields and 2 potato fields. The profitability from the introduction of grass-grain-row crop rotation in the Kharabalinsky district of the Astrakhan region was 35% and turned out to be 1.1-1.4 times higher compared to the control option and option 2, respectively. The profitability from the introduction of grass-grain-row crop rotation in the Limansky district reached 30% and was 1.2-1.5 times higher compared to the control option and option 2, respectively.
Yield and water balance of onions in the lower Volga region
Introduction. In modern times, the development of vegetable growing, which is marked by the widespread introduction of the latest technologies, specifically drip irrigation, the introduction and adaptation of modern (more often foreign) varieties and hybrids, optimization of the water and mineral nutrition system, an effective plant protection program against diseases and pests, sufficient supply of energy to vegetable growers and the construction of the logic of market relations, requires comprehensive scientific ensuring all cultivation processes, without exception, both vegetables and such high-tech crops as onions. Object. 2 onion hybrids were selected as the object of study: Burgus (control) and Valero. Irrigation and irrigation norms at various irrigation levels were studied. Materials and methods. The field experiment was conducted in the fields of the Zvolinsky O.V. IP, which is located on the territory of the Chernoyarsk district of the Astrakhan region (this is the southeastern European part of Russia, the Northwestern Caspian Sea). Results and conclusions. The studies carried out over three years in the arid zone of the Northern Caspian Sea allowed us to establish that drip irrigation had a significant impact on the formation of yield components of turnip onions, while it was found that the studied irrigation levels had an impact on these values. It was found that the maximum yield of the studied crop was obtained from the effect of the growth stimulant Flora C on both hybrids. At the irrigation level of 70...70...70% HB, the yield was in the hybrid Burgus (control) with a planned yield of 100 t/ha – 92.41 t/ha. In the corresponding variant of the Valero hybrid, these values were equal to 100.05 t/ha. The appointment of differentiated irrigation led to an increase in yields to 98.30 and 111.94 t/ha, respectively. The Flora C stimulator contributed to an additional increase in yield, as a result, it amounted to 102.73 t/ha for the corresponding variant of the Burgus hybrid, and 104.43 t/ha for the Valero hybrid (constant irrigation level). In the differentiated irrigation regime, its values were 114.77 and 115.69 t/ha.
Formation of highly productive agrophytocenoses of winter soft wheat in the central non-chernozem region
Introduction. The increase in winter soft wheat yields is achieved through the successful introduction of new promising varieties, intensive technologies and methods of process management in agriculture. Materials and methods. The test was performed at the experimental site of FRC Nemchinovka in the period from 2018 to 2023. The medium loamy sod-podzolic soil was characterised by slightly acid reaction of soil medium (рНKCl 5.3- 5.5), the content of mobile phosphorus corresponded to a high level (195-275 mg/kg), and the content of mobile potassium was elevated (130-156 mg/kg). The precursor of winter wheat is occupied fallow. Agrotechnologies and varieties were studied in a two-factor field experiment. Repetition of the experiment was threefold. Plot area – 72 m2 , counting area – 56 m2 . Placement of plots in the experiment was systematic. Results and conclusions. Hydrothermal conditions have a significant influence on yield data of winter wheat varieties. Low yields and reduced photosynthetic productivity are caused by excessive temperature range and moisture deficit. The use of increased doses of mineral fertilizers in combination with an integrated system of plant protection, increases the assimilation surface and the duration of its productive work, thereby offsetting the negative impact of weather conditions, which on the productivity of winter wheat is favourable. The highest photosynthetic potential was observed in favourable years with sufficient moisture and a set of effective positive temperatures in varieties Moskovskaya 40, Moskovskaya 27 and Nemchinovskaya 85, respectively 8.19; 8.66 and 83.9 million m2 – day/ha, net photosynthetic productivity, similarly 1.95; 1.76 and 1.54 kg of grain/ha with 1 thousand m2 of assimilation area. To improve the plant-sanitary situation of sowing and save the leaf plane of agrocultures guarantees the use of resources of plant protection measures, which allowed to reach the level of biological efficiency from the use of fungicides on winter wheat varieties and high-intensive agro-technology 82- 98 %, insecticides – 77-98 % and herbicides – 98-99 %. When using high-intensity technologies, the yield of Nemchinovskaya 85 was 9.48 t/ha, which was 35 % higher than the basic technology, Moscow 27 – 8.98 t/ha (32 % increase) and Moscow 40 – 9.05 t/ha (16 % increase).
Dependence of onion yield on water consumption in the Astrakhan region
Introduction. When cultivating onions, the most urgent problem is to ensure the best conditions for plant development through optimal water supply. Watering affects the thermal regime, helps to regulate the temperature of the surface horizon of the soil and the surface layer of air, all this, together, contributes to the coordination of growth processes, increase the growth of various plant organs, improve the quality characteristics of the onion harvest. Object. The object of the study were 2 onion hybrids: Burgus (control) and Valero and irrigation and irrigation norms at different irrigation levels. Materials and methods. Conducting field surveys in the fields of the private enterprise Zvolinsky O.V., located on the territory of the Chernoyarsk district of the Astrakhan region, this is the southeastern European part of Russia (Northwestern Caspian Sea). Results and conclusions. Conducted 3-year studies in the arid zone of the Northern Caspian Sea showed that drip irrigation significantly influenced the formation of yield data of onions. Moreover, the studied irrigation levels had an impact on this indicator. Based on the obtained material, it can be noted that at a constant moisture level (70...70...70% HB), the average for three years was 6544 m3/ ha, while at a differentiated irrigation level (80...80...70% HB) – 6927 m3/ha. This was reflected in the formation of yields and it amounted to 90.55 and 100.71 t/ha on the Burgus hybrid, respectively, and 97.34 and 107.52 t/ha on the Valero hybrid. The water consumption coefficient was equal for the Burgus hybrid – 81.33 and 76.87, and for the Valero hybrid – 75.66 and 72.00 m3/ha
Dependence of the resistance of light chestnut soil to water and wind erosion on its structural coefficient
Introduction. In recent years, the science of agriculture has been paying great attention to the preservation of soil fertility and the selection of new territories for their introduction into crop rotations. The first step to this is to study the structural condition of soils. There is a tendency to decrease fertility and deterioration of the structural and aggregate composition of the soil cover of agricultural soils. Object. The object of the study was an intensive level 2 test site of the Kamyshin type, located in the Manychsko-Don province of the dry steppe zone on the Volga upland within the boundaries of the Nizhnevolzhskaya tree species breeding station in the Kamyshinsky district of the Volgograd region Materials and methods. The dividing parts of the catchments of the Kirpichny sukhodola, which flows into the Kamyshinka River and into the Kamyshinsky Bay, as well as the Belenky sukhodola, which flows into the Volga River, were studied. The landscape area is the Ilovlinsky-Volzhsky stratified table-step strongly dissected by a ravinegirder network. The total land area of the Nizhnevolzhskaya station is 664 hectares, including the area of 4 plots with massive forest plantations and linear erosion control plantings is 646 hectares. Results and conclusions. The structural coefficient was calculated using the formula: Kstr=(∑(10-0.25mm))/(∑(>10mm,<0.25mm)) and based on it, the soil was characterized according to the following gradation: >1.5 – excellent aggregate condition; 1.5-0.67 – good; <0.67 – unsatisfactory. The proportion of agronomically valuable aggregates in the studied samples was determined. Aggregates exceeding the range in size were classified as agronomically inferior.
Correlation-regression analysis of the relationship between alfalfa yield and the level of mineral nutrition under irrigation conditions
Introduction. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to expand the areas of irrigated field forage production in the arid zone in combination with an increase in the yield of forage crops. The main reserve for increasing yield is directly related to the level of mineral nutrition of plants. Correlation and regression analysis allows us to assess the dependence of yield on the amount of fertilizer applied. The article presents this analysis using the example of the dependence of the yield of alfalfa cultivated under irrigation on the dose of mineral fertilizers. The results obtained show the existing relationship between the characteristics. Object. The object of the study is alfalfa cultivated under irrigation conditions and its responsiveness to mineral fertilizers. Materials and methods. The study used methods of systemic and complex analysis, as well as methods of correlation and regression analysis. Results and conclusions. The research results showed that with an increase in the dose of mineral fertilizers, an increase in the yield of alfalfa cultivated under irrigation conditions is observed, but only up to a certain point, after which a decline in yield is recorded. This trend is observed in all studied irrigation regimes. The correlation coefficient calculated using the Pearson method indicates a strong (0,87 – irrigation regime for alfalfa 65-70% NV and 0,81 – 70-75% NV) and very strong correlation dependence (0,92 – irrigation regime 75- 80% NV) between the level of mineral nutrition and the yield of the crop under study.
Nutritional value of sugar and grain sorghum feeds in single-species and joint components
Introduction. The traditional crop for making silage is corn, but the sharply continental arid climate of the Middle Volga region negatively affects the high productivity of corn. As a result, a significant part of farms cannot provide stable, nutritious nutrition for cattle. One of the options for getting out of this situation is to use sugar and grain sorghum as a silage crop, which, due to its properties, in particular drought and salt resistance, can provide constant high yields of both green mass and grain even in acutely dry conditions years. Studies to assess the nutritional value of canned feed were carried out on the basis of the Volga Research Institute of Canned Food, a branch of the Samara Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Samara State Agrarian University. Object. The objects of the study for silage harvesting were the following crops: sugar sorghum of the Kinelskoye 4 variety, grain sorghum – Premiera, soybean – Kinelyanka and corn hybrid – Kinbel 144 SV. Materials and methods. In experiment No. 1 in laboratory conditions, the chemical composition of the green mass of these crops in the phase of milk ripeness of sorghum and corn grain and waxy ripeness of soybeans (August 17) was carried out, as well as the experiment was laid down in the threefold repetition of silage (by the method of self-preservation) of the studied samples. In experiment No. 2, the chemical composition of the green mass of sugar sorghum Kinel'skoye 4 and grain sorghum Premiere in the phase of milky-waxy ripeness of grain was determined, and the mass was laid for haylage in the same period on September 3 in the peasant farm "Vasilina" of the Bol'she-Chernigovskogo district. Results and conclusions. Analysis of these studies showed that all silage options have excellent feed qualities, especially silage from the single-species component sorghum and the combined sorghum + soybean + corn component. The silage of the studied samples had an aromatic fruity smell or the smell of pickled vegetables, green-olive color, and a good crumbly consistency. The dry matter content of the single-species component of sorghum is 325 g/kg of natural feed, KE 0.29, EKE 0.32. The dry matter content in the combined composition of sorghum + soybeans is 320 g/kg of natural feed, KE 0.28, EКE 0.32, which exceeds the requirements of GOST. The active acidity of the silage was within the range of pH = 4.0-4.3% and did not exceed the requirements of GOST. The haylage of the studied samples had an aromatic fruity smell, yellowgreen-brown color and a good crumbly consistency. The energy value of 1 kg of grain sorghum haulage was 0.42, sugar – 0.36 EКE. Silage and haylage from grain and sugar sorghum had good nutritional values of the feed, which will successfully complement the feed balance of winter rations.
Ecological and phytocenotic state of floodplain forests in the vicinity of the city of Orenburg and their recreational use
Introduction. Urban forests are considered to be the cultural heritage of Orenburg. The article provides data on the ecological and phytocenotic state of floodplain forests carried out on the territory of two forest park areas, urban plantings of the city of Orenburg. Object of study. “Transural Grove” and “Oaks”. In the study areas, the following succession series is distinguished: willow forests (Salix triandraL., S. viminalisL.) – willow forests (S.albaL.) – sedge forests (Populus nigraL.) – white poplar forests (P.albaL.) – elm forests (Ulmuslaevis Pall.) – oak forests (Quercusrobur L.). Results and conclusions. Within these formations, seven main, most common associations have been identified: willow forests with a predominance of three-stamen willow, bromegrass, blackberry willow, common sedge, white reed grass, blackberry elm, oak-lily of the valley elm. Of the total number of species growing in the study area, 96 species are herbaceous plants, 14 are woody plants, 11 are shrubs and subshrubs. In the study area, 121 species of vascular plants were recorded, they belong to 38 families and 99 genera. Due to the increase in anthropogenic impact, plant communities with the dominance of Acer negundo L. appeared. In areas No. 1, 2, 3, ruderal plant species were noted: Ambrosia trifida L., Urtica dioica L., U. urens L., Xanthium strumarium L., Cannabis ruderalis Janisch., Biden tripartite L., Shenopodium hybridum L. and others. According to a survey on the territory, weeds make up about 10% of the total number of plant species, this is one of the signs of recreational digression of the urban floodplain forest. To preserve natural forest communities, it is necessary to carry out constant monitoring and environmental measures to preserve the species diversity of plant communities characteristic of the floodplains of steppe rivers.
Selection of tomato varieties of the institute’s selection for rhythmic supply of fresh produce to the market
Introduction. With the expansion of economic sanctions against Russia, an important task is to utilize the potential of domestic varieties of vegetable crops in ensuring the stability of agricultural production. Favorable climatic conditions and irrigated lands of the Astrakhan region allow obtaining high yields, including tomatoes, with different harvest dates. The purpose of this work is to study the groups of tomato varieties of VNIIOOB selection and to select in accordance with the requirements for long-term provision of products. The presented work will allow developing conveyor arrival of tomato crop, which will lengthen the supply of fresh products to the markets of the country. The task was set: to study new varieties of different ripening dates, suitable for the creation of conveyor delivery of fresh tomatoes. Novelty – for the first time new tomato varieties with different ripening dates were studied in order to create a conveyor belt harvest on their basis. Materials and methods. The research was carried out in 2022-2023 in VNIIOOB – branch of FGBNU "PAFNTs RAS" according to the methods and technologies adopted in the region. The objects of study were 9 tomato varieties of VNIIOOB selection, differing in shape, size, color and ripening time of fruits. Results and conclusions. On the basis of the obtained study data we selected varieties for obtaining early harvest – Aran 735, Forward and Orange Auri with vegetation period from 92 to 110 days from mass sprouting to the beginning of ripening. Continued receipt of fresh fruits grown in the open ground is possible with the use of varieties with medium-early maturity from 110 to 115 days – these varieties Bulldog, Avdeyevsky, Raspberry Ball, Torpedo, Malinovka. For further prolongation of the harvest and providing the local population with fresh fruits, the variety Khors, whose vegetation period is 120-125 days, is suitable. For conveyor delivery of fruits for a long period of time it is necessary to grow varieties with different ripening dates: early-ripening, mid-early and late-ripening.
The effect of fertilization on the development and productivity of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) when growing by the seedling method
Introduction. In the last decade, cotton has increasingly attracted the attention of not only researchers, but also farmers of the Lower Volga region and other regions of our country. This is due to the fact that Russia does not have its own raw materials of this strategically important crop. Therefore, the development of cotton production has good prospects in the southern regions of our country. For the further development and intensification of cotton growing in the Volgograd region, it is necessary to develop not only methods of agricultural techniques for growing cotton with high commodity indicators, but also to solve a number of logistical issues. Object. Cotton seedlings. Materials and methods. A scheme has been developed for a laboratory experiment using mineral (0.4% solution of compound fertilizer 350 ml/0.5 l of soil) and organic top dressing (zoohumus 5 g/0.5 l of soil) when growing cotton seedlings, with further observations in the open ground. Results and conclusions. The use of fertilizing at the early stages of the development of cotton seedlings has had a positive effect, including during its further cultivation in the open ground. A significant increase in yield was obtained due to higher plant preservation and improvement of their morphometric parameters. The profitability of using pet humus in the early stages of seedling development exceeded the control by 149.4% and by 135.2% – the option with the use of mineral fertilizers. Further study of the possibility of using zoohumus as a plant growth stimulant is required.
The influence of harvesting methods on seeding qualities and internal micoflora of grain sorghum
Introduction. High quality seeds also provide starting potential for the most optimal formation of plant productivity and resistance to unfavorable factors. Object. Samples of grain sorghum grain varieties Ros and Kinelskoe 63 were used as experimental material. Materials and methods. Laboratory and field studies were carried out on the basis of the Volga Region Research Institute of Seed Research, a branch of the Samara Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the laboratory of selection and seed production of cereals and sorghum crops in 2021-2022. The implementation of the experiments and the corresponding observations were carried out according to the methodology of the State Variety Testing of Agricultural Crops. Results and conclusion. A study of the composition of mycoflora showed that the most common species on grain sorghum seeds is Alternaria. Its occurrence on sorghum seeds was greatest and stable regardless of the harvesting method. Fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium were encountered with less frequency. They injure seedlings, inhibit their development and cause a decrease in the sowing quality of seeds. Research results have shown that seeds harvested by hand have higher sowing qualities than seeds harvested using a combine. The energy of germination and germination of seeds on the Ros variety was within the limits for manual harvesting – 80-88% and 88-94%; for seeds harvested using a combine – 74-76% and 80-82%, respectively; the weight of 1000 seeds was 24.4-26.3 g for manual harvesting, and 23.2-25.1 g for seeds harvested using a combine. On the Kinelskoe-63 variety, the germination energy was 85-87% for manual harvesting, for seeds harvested using a combine – 74-77%; germination was respectively 92-96% for manual harvesting and 80-82.0% for seeds harvested by a combine; the weight of 1000 seeds was 21.6-26.6 g when harvested manually, and 20.3-25.5 g for seeds harvested using a combine. To form selection batches of seeds in order to preserve and fully realize the genetic potential, it is more advisable to use manual cleaning.
The influence of different types of fallow on moisture reserves and soil density in the steppe zone of the Southern Urals
Introduction. Increasing moisture availability in rained conditions is an important task of agricultural production. The intensity of drought is associated with a deficit of soil moisture at the beginning of the plant growing season, resulting from a lack of precipitation in the winter-spring period. Snow retention is an effective method of accumulating moisture in the soil, allowing an additional accumulation of up to 30 mm. Target. Determination of the influence of various types of steam on moisture reserves and soil density in the unstable arid conditions of the Orenburg Cis-Urals. Object of study. Soil, various types of steam. Materials and methods. The soils of the experimental plot are southern carbonate medium thick heavy loamy chernozems with a humus content in the 0-30 cm layer of 3.2-4.0%. The experiment was launched in 2007-2022 at coordinates 51.775125o N. 55.306547оС east. The volumetric mass of the soil increases from 1.14 g per 1 cm3 to 1.39 g per 1 cm3 in the 0-150 cm layer. Results and conclusions. Over the course of 16 years of research, the largest amount of snow (36 cm) accumulated in the black fallow with the sowing of sunflower curtains. When applying soil protection technology in occupied fallows in non-steel green manure and soil protection (with summer sowing of Sudanese grass), a decrease in snow height with the option of using curtains sunflowers by 6.6 and 7.1 cm, respectively, is noted. In soil-protective fallow, soil density increases due to the growing season of the fallow crop to 1.19 g per 1 cm3. In the green manure fallow, due to the plowing of above-ground organic matter, decompaction is noted and the volumetric mass was 1.13 g per 1 cm3. In green manure fallow, the soil moisture content in a meter layer is higher than in soil-protective fallow by 23 mm and black fallow by 32 mm, due to its assimilation of autumn precipitation. Due to the large reserves of water formed in the snow, it is recommended to use the black fallow option for sowing durum spring wheat.
Regularities of water consumption of spring wheat under the influence of melioration in the dry-steppe trans-Volga region
The relevance of the study is determined by the need to identify the complex effect of irrigation regime, forest strips and doses of mineral fertilizers on the productivity of spring wheat cultivated in the dry steppe. The purpose of the study is to study the water consumption of spring wheat under the influence of forest belts and mineral fertilizers in the irrigated dry-steppe Trans-Volga region. The object of research is the fields of crop rotation with wheat in the Volga region. Materials and methods. The experiments were carried out according to a three-factor scheme, which took into account the effect of mineral fertilizers, irrigation and forest reclamation on the yield of spring wheat. Crop yield and water consumption were studied according to the methods of DOWN, VNIALMI, B. A. Dospekhov, A. N. Kostyakov. Regression and correlation analyses were performed according to B. A. Dospekhov using the programs Statistica, Scilab and the MS Excel Table Processor Analysis Package. Results and conclusions. The growing seasons of the spring wheat yield study ranged from arid to humid, so different irrigation regimes were used in irrigation conditions: the irrigation rate ranged from 0 to 550 mm. Forest plantations without the use of fertilizers in conditions of natural moisture provide a large increase in the yield of spring wheat compared to irrigated areas: up to 28.9% in dry years, up to 3.0% in wet years. Average for 2018-2022 depending on the use of irrigation and forest strips, fertilizers increased the crop yield at a distance from the planting 1H to 11.1%, 5H – up to 17.0%. The coefficient of water consumption of spring wheat among forest belts with an increase in the dose of fertilizers decreases, regardless of the year's moisture level, in irrigated areas to 50.8%, in non-irrigated areas – to 38.7%. According to statistical analysis, crop productivity and water consumption are 87-98% associated with the use of fertilizers, irrigation and forest reclamation.
The possibility of using domestic varieties of lupine for the production of bean paste
Introduction. Lupine grain is considered a source of biologically valuable components that can positively affect many physiological and metabolic processes. The inclusion of this culture in the daily diet provides prevention of many diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, and obesity [1]. One of the food products, in the production of which lupine grain is used in large quantities, is bean paste – hummus. It is intended both for consumers focused on lean, athletic, vegetarian, and dietary menus, and for those who are interested in healthy eating. Bean paste is a source of plant-based protein, which is rich in essential amino acids, protein, carbohydrates with a low glycemic index, does not contain flavors and chemical preservatives. Object. The object of research is the grain of white and narrow-leaved lupine of domestic varieties. Materials and methods. The materials of research in the field of production of hummus from lupine, the appropriateness of using the grain of this crop for the preparation of bean paste are studied. The article provides a brief overview of the current state of the world's hummus production using lupine grain. The experience of manufacturing this product at one of the enterprises in the Russian Federation based on domestic varieties of white and narrow-leaved lupine species is described. Results and conclusions. The company Salads and Delicacies LLC tested lupine grain of domestic varieties, namely Michurinsky, Ghana and Belorozoy 144 as an ingredient for making bean paste. The trial product from lupine had a soft consistency, and according to organoleptic parameters, the bean taste was detected. The presence of some bitterness was noted, which may be due to the presence of an overestimated amount of alkaloids, or with the use of sesame seeds in the formulation of the paste, which can also give a taste of bitterness. In the near future, manufacturers plan to test peanut paste instead of sesame and work out the technology of making pasta with the inclusion of methods for cleaning raw materials from alkaloids in the production process. The first experience in this area has shown that for the production of a product based on lupine, it is necessary to choose raw materials with an alkaloid content of no more than 0.04%. The problem faced by Russian manufacturers, in particular the company Salads and Delicacies LLC, is the lack of a set of regulatory documents defining lupine as a food product. Currently, GOST R "Lupine food flour" is being developed and work is underway to include lupine in the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union 015/2011 "On Grain Safety" (TR CU 015/2011 "On Grain Safety") as a culture approved for use in the food industry of the Russian Federation.
Bioecological monitoring of representatives of the genus Acer L. for forecasting the prospects of their use in artificial plantations
Introduction. In connection with climatic changes, the importance of assessing the adaptive capacity of trees and shrubs, forecasting the risks of using new species in artificial plantations in Volgograd region is increasing. Objects. Representatives of the genus Acer L. in dendroexpositions of the Federal Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kamyshin) and Volgograd Agrarian University (Volgograd, urbanozems). Materials and methods. Bioecological monitoring was carried out by standard observations according to the GBS methodology to assess the influence of meteorological indicators on the main morphometric indices. Experimental data on ecological-physiological and morphological indices were used for mathematical analysis and subsequent ranking of species by prospectivity. Results and conclusions. Changes in average daily temperatures at observation points (1961-1990. 1991-2020) and the influence of meteorological conditions on the phases of development of Acer L. The species were distributed by height into trees of the second size (10.0-12.2 m) – A. platanoides L., A. pseudoplatanus L., A. saccharinum L., A. negundo L.; A. campestre L., A. tataricum L. (3.6-6.5 m) – trees of the third size or large shrubs (2.1- 5.0 m). High intraspecific and interspecific variability of leaves in leaf area and specific phytomass was found: from small leaves of A. tataricum (10.42 cm2 ; 0.011 g/cm2 ), A. campestre (12.95 cm2 ; 0.0088 g/cm2 ) to large leaves of A. platanoides (47.89 cm2 ; 0.0056 g/cm2 ), A. pseudoplatanus (65.32 cm2 ; 0.0067 g/cm2 ). Resistance to unfavorable hydrothermal indicators correlates well with the content of biological pigments in leaf laminae. Comprehensive analysis of the results of bioecological monitoring showed high prospects of the tested maple species for the purposes of protective afforestation and landscaping. Detailed survey of dendrological collections and green areas revealed mass dispersal outside the collection of A. negundo; active dispersal of A. campestre, A. tataricum. Acer platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus forms local populations, due to the increase of heat availability in the region. For use in artificial plantings it is recommended to limit the use of A. negundo, other species (A. platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus, A. saccharinum) are recommended for landscaping objects.
Assessment of the peculiarities of changes in the climatic characteristics of snow covers in the Ulyanovsk region
Introduction. In the Ulyanovsk region, the direction of the agro-industrial complex, like any other region, directly depends on the natural resource potential, which determines the productivity of crops, as well as their specialization and structure; therefore further actions will depend not only on scientific and technological progress, but also on natural and climatic changes and their impact on agriculture. As a result of the conducted studies of the characteristics of the snow cover; data were obtained related to its formation and destruction, height, density, as well as water supply in the snow and their temporary changes. Object. The object of research is the snow cover. Materials and methods. The initial research data are the materials of direct observations of the Timiryazevsky agrometeorological post, Ulyanovsk region from 1993 to 2023. Fourier series decomposition and determination of the parameters of the best sinusoidal approximation for the maximum and minimum points were used to assess longterm changes in agrometeorological parameters. The use of all these methods made it possible to obtain a more complete and accurate understanding of the dynamics of changes and regularities in the studied parameters. Using a software package (Excel, Statistica), correlation and regression analysis was carried out. Results and conclusions. According to research data, it has been revealed: over the past 30 years, for the territory of the region, on average, from November 23 to April 3, for 132 days, the establishment of a stable snow cover and its destruction shifted by eleven days towards later formation and destruction with a sufficiently high reliability (R2=0.1076). The duration of the snow cover has not changed significantly. The maximum height of the snow cover in January 2010 ranged from 46 to 85 cm. At the end of the third decade of March 1998, the highest value of snow cover density was recorded, which amounted to 0.38, the deviation from the average value during this period reached 23% and had a beneficial effect on the accumulation of water in the snow, in some years the thickness and density of which reached up to 175 mm, with an average of 86 mm.
The change in the main morphological signs of grain pea plants as a result of long-term breeding
Introduction. Despite the great economic importance and high demand for peas as the main grain legume, its prevalence in production is relatively small due to its relatively low manufacturability. There is a need to select and introduce into production modern high-tech varieties with a high level of productivity that meet the specific requirements of manufacturers. This will significantly reduce the material costs of growing seeds. The purpose of the research is to study and identify changes in the most important morphological characteristics and plant productivity in varieties of grain peas from three different breeding periods. Materials and methods. The research was carried out in the breeding crop rotation of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution FRANTZ in 2021-2023. To achieve this goal, we used the genotypes of grain peas, conditionally divided by us into 3 groups (ancient, varieties of selection of the 80s – 90s of the XX century and modern genotypes). In each of these groups, 6 varieties were studied. Field experiments, phenological observations, accounting and measurements were carried out in full. The material was harvested in sheaves, manually, as the varieties matured, structural analysis of plants was carried out in laboratory conditions. Results and conclusions. In our research, we have confirmed the presence of changes in the main morphological features of grain peas that have occurred over the past few decades of breeding work with the crop. A decrease in the total length of the stem by 31.3% was noted due to a 50% reduction in the length of the internodes. The minimum length of the stem to the first productive node in plants of new varieties increased by 0.9%, but did not fall below 47.8 cm, which indicates the formation of a more compressed fruiting zone in them. The total number of nodes in modern genotypes increased by 2.2%, of which unproductive nodes showed an increase of 10.4%, and fruiting ones – 6.4%. At the same time, the average productivity of the studied modern varieties of FGBNU FRANTZ increased by 44.8% compared to the old ones. Conclusions. Based on this, it can be assumed that the above-mentioned trends are positive and can be used as the main directions for subsequent breeding work. Modern, technologically advanced, highly productive varieties with a strong stable stem of medium length with shortened internodes and a more compact fruiting zone constitute an undeniable alternative to long-stemmed, strongly spreading genotypes of the old selection.
Agroclimatic conditions of the Kazan-Veshensky sand massif
Introduction. The climatic factor has played an important role in human activity throughout history. This issue is especially relevant during the period of active development of territories for economic activity. Key climate indicators require constant monitoring and updating of data. Object. The object of the study is the agroclimatic conditions of the Kazan-Veshensky sand massif. Materials and methods. Based on archival data since 1962, the average annual precipitation and average annual air temperature were calculated. At six weather stations using database information from 2012 to 2022 the direction and speed of the wind were established and the impact of climate productivity on agricultural production was assessed using agroclimatic indicators. Results and conclusions. The average long-term temperature is in the range of 7.56-8.15°C, and the average long-term precipitation is 422.84-518.21 mm. The dominant directions of air masses are the winds of the western and eastern directions. The average frequency of dangerous winds is 10 times a year. The sum of active temperatures was 3383-3427°C. According to the normalized aridity index (NIA), this territory is slightly arid and, according to the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient (HTC), belongs to the zone of typical steppes. Thus, the territory of the Kazan-Veshensky sand massif is located in a zone with homogeneous agro-climatic conditions.
The concept of a digital twin of irrigated agrocenosis
Introduction. An implementation of precision farming technologies, with other equal yield-forming factors, allows to increasing a yield of agrocenosis up to 15-20%. The introduction of precision irrigation makes it possible to qualitatively increase the efficiency of using of water resources. Implementation of digital twins opens up significant opportunities in reducing the parametric uncertainty of agrocenosis states and their real-time monitoring, as well as high-precision modeling of various simulation scenarios. Object. The object of this study are digital twins as systems for monitoring and parametric modeling of production processes in their application to the agricultural sector. Materials and methods. Methods of this study are general systems theory, the theory of constraints, technology maturity assessment according to foreign and Russian industry standards, alsо the monographic method were used. Results and conclusions. The concept of an object-oriented data model is proposed that integrates data of various physical nature and automates parametric modeling of agrobiocenosis, which will qualitatively reduce the uncertainty in the economic parameters of agrocenosis in a discrete spatial and temporal dimension, as well as labor costs for calculations, as well as form a primary calculating system and methodological basis to integrate precision irrigation, precision farming and crop programming with further use of the research results in cyber-physical systems, including an implementation of artificial intelligence.
Geoinformation analysis of the Kalach upland agricultural landscapes on the example of the "Solonka" research ground
Introduction. The active economic activities development related to the use of natural resources has a significant impact on nature-territorial complexes. Geoinformation analysis of the territory is one of the stages of obtaining primary information about the landscape components characteristics. Environmental protection measures are being developed and implemented on the data obtained basement. Research object. The "Solonka" research ground with an area of 37614.5 hectares is located in the western part of the Nekhaevsky municipal district near the Solonka village. Materials and methods. Within the framework of this study, the methodology is based on five stages: preliminary decryption (primary analysis of the study area); field research (building environmentally landscape profiles); decryption features extrapolation (unvisited territories decryption based on revealed at a key site signs and geomorphological characteristics analysis using the SRTM digital model); field control (visiting disputed areas); final mapping (construction and analysis of final maps based on previous research). Conclusion. As a result of the Solonka research ground geoinformation analysis, it was revealed that the research area is under significant anthropogenic stress, since the share of plowing is 70.6% of the research ground, while the total forest cover is 9.54%. The research site geomorphological characteristics analysis was carried out. As a result, it was found that 93.9% of the territory has a slope of 0.5°-7°. The slopes exposure is mainly southern, northern, southwestern and western, which is due to the slope of the terrain towards ravines and balkas. The spatial data analysis made it possible to analyze area, average steepness and exposure of slopes on agricultural land, as well as to find out that deflation-hazardous territories account for 48% of the field area, and potentially erosivedangerous – 44%. The main part of the deflation-hazardous ploughs belongs to the northern (22%) and northwestern (23%) exposures. The most erosive fields are located on slopes of northern (18%), eastern (18%) and southwestern (18%) exposures.
Study of factors influencing the induction of callusogenesis in Robinia pseudoacacia L. in vitro
Introduction. The use of selected material is an important condition for achieving high quality and ameliorative efficiency of protective forest plantations in agroforestry. The method of cultivation of isolated tissues on artificial nutrient media under in vitro conditions is widely used in biotechnology. Development and optimization of the processes of induction and obtaining morphogenic callus play an important role not only in scientific research, but also in industrial crop production. Objects. Robinia pseudoacacia L. and two auxins 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were selected as the object of study. Research methods. The study was carried out on the basis of FSC Agroecology RAS in the laboratory of biotechnology. Segments of leaf, seedling, hypocotyl, and root were used as explants. Cultivation was carried out for 4 weeks on Murashige and Scoog (MS) nutrient medium supplemented with auxins 2,4-D and IAA in three different concentrations: 0.1 mg/l; 0.5 mg/l; 1 mg/l. To evaluate the effect of light conditions on the induction of callusogenesis, half of the experimental samples were cultured in the dark, the other half with a photoperiod of 16 hr. At the end of the cultivation period, morphological parameters (color, structure), induction and average fresh weight of callus were evaluated. Results and conclusins. Based on the results of this study, it was found that R. pseudoacacia has a high capacity for callusogenesis, direct and indirect morphogenesis, and callus induction has a direct correlation with auxin concentration. The results showed that light is essential for callus formation and cultivation, darkening of callus tissue occurs faster when cultured in the dark. Hypocotyl explants and auxin 2,4-D at a concentration of 0.5 mg/l are the most suitable for induction and obtaining callus tissue of loose and medium-dense structure for further multiplication.
Study of a water-retaining structure for the passage of sediments on reclamation canals
Introduction. Been studied the passage of sediments through water retention structures (polygonal weirs) for angles of 30°, 45° and 60° for the side walls of the weir and a comparison of the results with each other and the classical weir (α= 90°) when laying the upper slope was 0; 1:1 and 2:1, according to the choice of the best model among the studied models that ensure maximum passage of sediment through the weir, protection of reclamation intakes from sediment while ensuring uninterrupted water consumption for irrigation systems and also improving irrigation water by passing sediment through the weir. Materials and methods. The passage of sediment through water retaining structures was studied in the Hydraulics Department laboratory of KubGAU on a glass tray 4.4 m long; 0.17 m wide; 0.3 m high. Polygonal and classical practical weir were made of gypsum material with angles 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° of the side walls of the weir. The upstream slope weir was 0; 1:1 and 2:1, and the laying of the lower slope was constant in all experiments – 1:2. Experiments were under the following conditions: The water flow rate Q was in the range of (0.58.10-3 -9.94.10-3 ) m3 /s, the diameter of the sediment particles was 0.1-0.25 mm, the pressure above the weir varied from h=1.3.10-2 to 7.3.10-2 m, and average water flow velocity were in the range from 0.041 to 0.409 m/s. Results and conclusion. Experimental studies of the passage of sediment through water retaining structure show that for all studied weirs, the average percentage of sand passing through a polygonal weir of a practical profile for the angles of the side walls α = 30°, 45° and 60° is 65.46%, 45.84% and 40.0% higher, respectively, compared with the classical one weir (α=90°). Based on experimental studies, it was proved that the maximum percentage of sand passing through a polygonal weir was 51.4% for a weir with a threshold height of 0.07 m, the angle of the side walls of the weir to its axis α = 30° and the laying of the upper slope 2:1.
The influence of basic tillage techniques on the yield and grain quality of winter wheat in the forest-steppe zone of the Chechen Republic
Introduction. Relevance. Winter wheat is of great value and is one of the most important grain crops not only in Russia, but throughout the world. The yield of winter wheat depends very much on the method of primary tillage. A correctly selected, scientifically based method of basic tillage for this crop can significantly reduce economic and energy costs, as well as obtain consistently high yields. Therefore, solving this problem in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Chechen Republic is relevant. The purpose of our research was to study the effect of various methods of basic tillage on the yield of winter wheat on leached chernozems of the Chechen Republic. Object. The object of research is winter wheat varieties and various basic tillage systems. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out at the experimental site of the Chechen Research Institute of Agriculture. The implementation of experiments and accompanying observations were carried out according to the methods of B. A. Dospehov. and State testing of agricultural crops. Results and conclusions. The use of chiseling to a depth of 0.28...0.30 m as the main tillage method for winter wheat increases the yield of winter wheat by 0.77...1.11 t/ha compared to the control (moldboard plowing to a depth of 0.20...0 ,22 m); the maximum yield was noted for the Akhmat variety – 7,73 t/ha; the use of this technique also increases such parameters of grain quality as: grain nature, glassiness, protein and gluten content; To obtain high yields of high-quality winter wheat grain in the soil and climatic conditions of the Chechen Republic, it is necessary to grow the varieties Akhmat, Yuzhanka, Graf and use chiseling to a depth of 0.28...0.30 m as the main tillage method., Yuzhanka, Graf and use chiseling to a depth of 0.28...0.30 m as the main tillage method.
Mapping the current state and structure of agroforestry landscapes in the south-east of the Rostov region using remote sensing data
Introduction. The state of agroforestry landscapes is largely determined by the degree of degradation of their components, including soils and protective forest plantations. In this regard, a modern determination of the characteristics of the components of agricultural landscapes is necessary, since the productivity of agricultural land depends on their condition. Forest plantations in agroforestry landscapes play the role of protecting soils from degradation and increasing the productivity of agricultural products. Object. The object of the study was agricultural land and protective forest plantings in the Remontnensky district of the Rostov region. Materials and methods. Identification of the current state and structure of agroforestry landscapes in the study area is based on the methodology of using geoinformation technologies for spatial analysis of the state of landscapes using earth remote sensing data. The research was carried out based on survey data from the Sentinel-2 and Landsat-5 satellites. Data visualization and calculation of geomorphological and morphometric characteristics were carried out using the QGIS 3.32 geoinformation software package, which allows you to create cartographic layers for constructing digital maps. When developing a local GIS of agricultural land in the Remontnensky district, OSM data and a developed vector soil map of the Rostov region M 1:500,000 were used. To identify the geomorphological and morphometric characteristics of agroforestry landscapes, raster images of the land cover were used – a digital terrain model SRTM-1. Using the NDVI vegetation index, the safety of protective forest plantations was calculated. Results and conclusions. As a result of the study, all contours of agroforestry landscapes within the boundaries of the selected municipal area were identified. 1,565 plots of cultivated arable land with an area of 180 thousand hectares and 91 plots of fallow areas with an area of 9 thousand hectares have been identified. A geomorphological and morphometric analysis of the contours of these agricultural lands was carried out using geoinformation tools. Analysis of these data allows us to conclude that most agricultural fields used for agricultural production have an average slope steepness of no more than 2°, which indicates a low level of occurrence of water erosion. The safety of each designated forest belt on the territory of the administrative district was calculated. The overall safety in the area is 8%. This indicates that it is necessary to carry out phytomeliorative measures in the area to improve the condition of protective forest plantations. For each of the presented indicators
Changes in the composition of milk of sows in the first survey in relationship with the biological value of diets
Introduction. Determination of the aftereffect of the feed additive "Krezacin" in the diets of repair pigs on the quality indicators of the milk of sows of the first farrowing. Materials and methods. After completing the scientific and economic experience conducted in the conditions of pig farming by the POA "Center for Practical Training" of the Republic of Mordovia, on crossbred pigs (large white X landras), using the feed additive "Krezacin" as part of their diet, after transferring the pigs to the reproduction workshop, and farrowing them, in order to identify the aftereffect of the studied additive Observations were made on the composition of the milk of sows of the first farrowing. Results and conclusions. The conducted studies showed that repair pigs from the first experimental group, who received 5.0 mg/kg of live weight in addition to the basic diet of cresacin, had better milk after the first farrowing compared with milk from sows from other experimental groups. Thus, the dry matter content of sow milk from the first experimental group exceeded the milk of control analogues by 1.08% (p<0.05), analogues from the second experimental group by 0.31% and from the third experimental group by 0.92% (p>0.05). An advantage in fat and protein content was also found in the milk of sows from the first experimental group. Thus, in terms of fat content they were superior to control sows – by 0.65% (p<0.05), analogues from the second group – by 0.31% (p>0.05) and from the third – by 0.41% (p>0.05), and in terms of protein concentration, the milk of sows of the first group exceeded the control and the third experimental group – by 0.39% (p<0.05), from the second group – by 0.28% (p<0.05). The best result for the concentration of heavy metals was also found in the milk of sows from the first experimental group.
Use of protein concentrate “Agro-Matic” in feeding young chickens
Introduction. Problems and promising areas of the poultry farming industry are closely related to adequate poultry feeding. Feed accounts for up to 70% of the total cost structure. Therefore, today the search for alternative feed sources in poultry feeding that has better feed advantages and is characterized by low cost remains relevant. One of these is the protein concentrate “Agro-Matic”. In connection with the above, we studied the effect of the protein concentrate “Agro-Matic” in feed for young chickens on hematological parameters and the dynamics of live weight. Materials and methods. Scientific and economic experiments on young chickens were carried out at the JSC Volzhskaya poultry farm in the Sredneakhtubinsky district of the Volgograd region. The Hisex Brown cross bird was selected into four similar groups, taking into account age, development, etc. There were 80 birds in each group (control and three experimental ones). The duration of the studies was 17 weeks. Throughout the entire experiment, young chickens in the control group received feed with full-fat soybeans. The birds of the I-, IIand III-experimental groups received feed in which full-fat soybean was partially or completely replaced by the Agro-Matic protein concentrate in the amount of 50%, 75% and 100%, respectively (of the weight of soybeans in the diet). The conditions for keeping and feeding poultry of all experimental groups were the same and complied with the recommendations of VNITIP. Results and conclusions. At the end of the experiment, an increase in the live weight of pullets of the experimental groups was noted compared to the control group, so in experimental group I (1408.33 g) by 12.13 g, in experimental group II (1431.30 g) by 22.97 g, in the III experimental group (1440.04 g) – by 31.75 g. Based on the studies conducted, it should be noted that the hematological parameters in birds of all experimental groups were within the physiological norm. However, the birds of the I-, II- and III experimental groups, compared with the control group, tended to increase the content of erythrocytes by 8.01%, 9.70%, 10.97%, hemoglobin by 6.98%, 8. 12%, 8.53%, total protein by 2.69%, 3.05%, 3.54%, glucose by 2.73%, 3.12%, 3.52%, calcium by 6.64%, 11.80%, 15.13% phosphorus by 4.88%, 6.09%, 13.41% The observed trend in the blood of birds of the experimental groups indicates a greater intensity of metabolic processes in their body, compared with control analogues. Thus, partial and complete replacement of soybean with protein concentrate “Agro-Matic” in feed recipes had a positive effect on the hematological parameters and live weight of pullets.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of southern reed in fodder for carp grown in recirculating water supply installations
Introduction. At the present stage of commercial fish farming, due to rising prices for imported highly productive feed and a shortage of components for the production of domestic feed, pressing issues for the development of aquaculture is the involvement in feed production of inexpensive local non-traditional types of raw materials to intensify the cultivation of the most affordable herbivorous fish species for the population. Object. The object of the study is feed with different contents of southern reed. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the research center “Breeding valuable sturgeon breeds” of the Volgograd State Agrarian University. Results and conclusions. Based on research, the feasibility of producing feed based on southern reed for herbivorous fish grown in closed water supply systems has been substantiated. Within the framework of this study, a mechanism for a design solution has been proposed for the removal of rapidly renewable biomass of southern reed from water bodies, using it as feed, instead of disposal as waste of class V. There has been successful testing of the production of feed from southern reed at a feed mill at a price of 30 rubles per kilogram. Promising aspects for future research are also identified, which are related to the development of feed production technology with a certain immersion rate and water resistance, the choice of optimal feeding methods and norms depending on the age and type of herbivorous fish, as well as the testing of feed mixtures in various aquaculture conditions.
Productive characteristics of broiler chickens with a new phytoprebiotic feed additive included in the diet
Introduction. The results of studies on the effect of various dosages of prebiotic feed additives based on quercetin and lactulose on the productive characteristics of broiler chickens in the amount of 100 heads of the Ross-308 cross for 40 days are presented. During the experiment, three dosages of prebiotic were used: 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75%. As a result, a positive effect of the additive on the hematological and immune status of chickens, as well as on their meat productivity, was noted. Chickens of experimental groups I-III had better meat productivity by 107.9 (4.12%; P≤0.001), 135.7 (5.19%; P≤0.001) and 143.2 g (5.48%; P≤ 0.001) respectively, which was reflected in an increase in live weight gain and gross meat yield by 18.42; 21.14 and 21.87 kg. A decrease in feed consumption per 1 kg of live weight gain was established, respectively, by 3.66; 6.10 and 6.71%, which is due to the normalization of intestinal microflora, increased metabolic processes and a decrease in the level of free radical oxidation in the body of experimental chickens. Material and methods. The experiment was carried out on Ross-308 cross broilers aged from 1 to 40 days. The keeping of poultry and the conduct of scientific research complied with Russian regulations (Order of the USSR Ministry of Health No. 755 of 08/12/1977 “On measures to further improve organizational forms of work using experimental animals” and “Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals” (National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1996). To reduce the suffering of animals and the number of samples used, appropriate measures were taken. A new feed additive with 50% dihydroquercetin and 50% of the drug "Laktuvet-1" was developed at the State Scientific Institution NIIMMP, Volgograd, in accordance with the standards of TU 10.91. 10-276-10514645-2023. During the experiment, three dosages of prebiotic were used: 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75%.Biochemical blood analysis was carried out on URIT-800Vet, URIT-3020 analyzers in a comprehensive analytical laboratory FGBNU NIIMMP (Volgograd, Russia).The results obtained were statistically processed using software, calculating the mean value (M), standard errors of the mean (±SEM) and the reliability criterion. Results and conclusions. It was concluded that the new prebiotic feed additive improved the biochemical composition of the blood of broiler chickens, increased its resistance and level of safety. The best result was achieved with the addition of a phytoprebiotic additive in the amount of 0.50% in the diet structure, which had a positive effect on zootechnical and immunological parameters.
Meat productivity and meat quality of purebred and crossbred lambs
Introduction Currently, sheep farming, as a sub-branch of animal husbandry, is focused on the production of young mutton; therefore, special attention is paid to the use of meat and meat-fat breeds of sheep for these purposes. The level of production of young mutton is significantly influenced by the breed, sex of animals, feeding conditions and maintenance. In this regard, the meat-and-fat fat-tailed Edilbaev breed, as well as the imported meat breed Dorper, deserves attention. These breeds have a high growth rate and high quality indicators of meat and fat. An important component of increasing the meat productivity of sheep is industrial crossing. Considering the above, research on the crossing of domestic meat-and-fat fat-tailed queens with highly productive meat sheep of imported breeding, i.e. dorpers, is becoming relevant. Object. The object of research was purebred and crossbred sheep. The experiment was conducted on young animals of the Edilbaevsky breed and obtained from mating sheep of the Edilbaevsky breed with sheep of the Dorper breed. Materials and methods. The research was conducted in the conditions of IP KFH Shangeraev M. G. To establish the efficiency of lamb production from purebred and crossbred young animals, 2 groups of sheep with 30 heads each were selected: purebred Edilbaevsky and crossbred animals obtained from mating sheep of the Edilbaevsky breed with sheep of the Dorper breed. The selection of animals and the recruitment of groups were carried out using the method of balanced groups of analogues (Ovsyannikov A. I. «Fundamentals of experimental business», 1976) Unified methods was used for laboratory and zootechnical research. Statistical processing of the digital research material was performed using the Microsoft Excel program. Statistical significance was assessed using the Student's t-test. Results and conclusions. Over the entire research period from birth to 7 months of age, the superiority of the Edilbai-Dorper crossbreeds in live weight was 5.5 kg or 11.07% compared with their purebred peers. Crossbred sheep significantly outperformed purebred ones in absolute growth – by 27.2 g or 13.01%. Edilbai-Dorper sheep have saved 0.68 energy feed units and 52.7 g of digestible protein per 1 kg of live weight gain compared to purebred Edilbai sheep. A significantly high difference in favor of crossbred sheep was established by the slaughter weight of 3.53 kg or 14.83% (P<0.01). The meat ratio in crossbred animals was 3.88 versus 3.75 in purebred peers.
Study of genetic resistance to scrapie in sheep of the southern meat breed
Introduction. In modern Russia, there is a change in the economic importance of the main types of sheep products. In this regard, new meat sheep breeds are being created in the country, one of which is the Southern Meat breed. In national sheep breeding, marker-assisted selection is evolving actively, aimed at improving productive traits and disease resistance. Scrapie is a prion disease of sheep. The resistance or susceptibility of animals is determined by the polymorphism of the prion protein gene (PRNP). To reduce the proportion of sheep susceptible to scrapie, it is necessary to genotype the PRNP gene polymorphism and, based on the results, select breeding strategies. The aim of our research was the genetic characterization of breeding rams of the Southern Meat breed by genotypes in the PRNP gene to determine resistance to classical and atypical scrapie. Object. The research objects are samples of biological material from domestic sheep of the Southern Meat breed. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on the equipment of Center for Biological Resources and Bioengineering of Agricultural Animals (L.K. Ernst Federal Science Center for Animal Husbandry). A total of 77 Southern Meat rams were genotyped. The genetic resistance to scrapie was determined according to the methodological guidelines by Deniskova et al. Results and conclusion. The study showed the presence of five haplotypes (ARR, ARQ, ARH, AHQ and AHH) and eleven PRNP genotypes (ARR/ARR, ARR/ARQ, ARR/ARH, ARR/AHQ, ARQ/ARQ, ARQ/ARH, ARQ/ AHQ, ARH/ARH, ARH/AHQ, ARH/AHH, AHQ/AHQ) in the Southern Meat breed. The most widespread haplotype among the animals in the study sample was ARQ, which occurred with a frequency of 39.6%. The AHH allele had the lowest frequency (2.6%). The most widespread genotype was ARQ/ARQ with frequency of 20.8% in the sample. The rarest genotype was ARH/AHQ, occurring with a frequency of 1.3%. The studied population was assigned to three classes of resistance to the classic scrapie (G1, G2 and G3). In the study group, most animals (71.4%) belonged to the G3 resistance class, while only two animals were the most genetically resistant to the classical form of scrapie (G1 class), which amounted to only 2.6% of the sample. The proportion of animals included in the G2 class was 26.0%. As for the atypical scrapie, all studied animals were resistant to it.
Efficiency of using new lecithin-containing feed additives in the diets of red steppe cows
Introduction Study of the influence of new feed additives “Lecithomax” and “Lecitomix” on the physiology and productivity of red steppe cows. Materials and Methods. The object of the research was cows of the red steppe breed, whose diet included new feed additives based on lecithin: “Lecito-max” in the Ⅰ experimental group and “Lecitomix” in the Ⅱ experimental group. As a result of experience at LLC PZK im. Lenin" (Volgograd region, Lobakin farm) from 30 heads of cattle, 3 groups were formed: the first group (control) received the basic diet, the second group was fed with the new feed additive "Lecitomax" at the rate of 250 g/t of feed, the third group with using the new feed additive “Lecitomix” at a rate of 250 g/t of feed. The economic and biological cows of the red steppe breed and milk productivity were also studied. To introduce feed additives into the diet, stepwise mixing technologies were used. Results. An increase in average daily milk yield was revealed by 4.0 and 9.7% in cows that received the Lecithomax and Lecitomix supplements, respectively. The inclusion of feed additives “Lecithomax” and “Lecitomix” into the diet of red steppe cows allowed to increase the fat content in milk by 0.01 and 0.03%, protein by 0.11 and 0.20%, respectively (P≥0.999 and P≥0.999), lactose by 0.06 and 0.08% (P<0.05 and P≥0.95), skimmed milk solids by 0.08 and 0.12% (P≥0.999 and P≥0.999). As a result of assessing the protective forces of the body of cows of various groups during lactation, a fairly high level of their natural resistance was established, while Ⅰ and Ⅱ experimental groups significantly (P≥0.95 in all cases) exceeded the control group by 4.71 and 4.74%, respectively according by bactericidal activity of blood serum, by 4.49 and 4.69% – by lysozyme activity of blood serum, by 1.71 and 1.93% – by phagocytic activity of blood. Conclusion. It has been established that the use of a new feed additive based on lecithin has a positive effect on the quality of milk and milk productivity of red steppe cows, as well as on their immune status.
Development of a multilocus STR panel and assessment of the reliability of the origin of the aquaculture sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus)
Introduction. In modern practice of artificial breeding of sturgeon fish, obtaining viable offspring is of particular importance. In this context, the use of microsatellite markers to assess the relatedness and genetic diversity of sterlet in commercial aquaculture becomes relevant. This will make it possible to more accurately determine the origin of individuals and significantly increase the efficiency of breeding work at fisheries enterprises. Object. The object of the study is samples of fin sections of aquaculture sterlet of various origins. Materials and methods. The development of a microsatellite panel including 12 loci (AfuG 63, AfuG 112, Afu 68 b, LS-39, Spl-163, An20, AfuG 51, Aru13, AoxD161, AfuG 41, Aru18, LS-68) was carried out on the basis of the Federal State Budgetary Institution Federal Research Center VIZH them. OK. Ernst. Testing of the developed test system, as well as its information content, was carried out on a sample of hatchery sterlet (n=149) from three populations: Sukhonovskaya, among which there were two parental pairs with 30 known offspring (SX, n=65), Okaskaya (OK, n=50 ) and Lower Volga (NV, n=34). Results and conclusions. Based on the results of using microsatellite markers, the reliability of the origin of three sterlet populations was assessed. Based on the polymorphism of 12 microsatellite loci for the three studied groups of sterlet, classical population genetic indicators were calculated: the average number of alleles per locus (NA = 7.528 ± 0.717), the number of effective alleles (NE = 4.098 ± 0.437), observed (HO = 0.571 ± 0.049) and expected (HE = 0.611 ± 0.049) heterozygosity, as well as the inbreeding coefficient (FIS = 0.046 ± 0.028). The probability of matching genotypes (PI) for the developed STR panel ranged from 3.7*10-13 for OK to 8.1*10-10 for SX, i.e. was practically excluded. The exclusion probability values (P1, P2, P3), calculated based on the results of the developed test system, were minimum for SX and maximum for OK and ranged from 99.88 to 99.99% for P1. The P2 parameter was 98.62% for the NV and 99.87% for the OK population. For P3 it was 99.99% for all studied groups. These data confirm the high information content of DNA analysis of 149 individuals to establish the authenticity of the origin of hatchery sterlet and the functionality of the developed STR panel. As a result of the research, a multiplex test system was created that allows analysis of twelve STR loci, and its high functional efficiency was demonstrated.
Searching for desirable genotypes of fathers and mothers of ayrshire cows using the breeding index
Introduction. Intensification of cattle breeding requires acceleration of the processes of obtaining animals with the greatest productivity potential, therefore the use of genetically determined assessments in conjunction with selection by indices that take into account the milk productivity of cows and other important economically useful traits is a pressing issue in modern breeding work. Object. The studies were conducted on data on milk productivity and reproductive qualities of 65753 first-calving cows that lactated from 2002 to 2020 from 8 regions of Russia: Vologda region, Leningrad region, Kirov region, Komi Republic, Republic of Karelia, Central Federal District, Siberian Federal District, Southern Federal District. Materials and methods. Biometric processing of the obtained data was carried out using statistical analysis methods in Microsoft Office Excel and RStudio. The construction of statistical groupings for the formation of selection groups using the SIAYR index was carried out on the basis of standard procedures for normal distribution into groups: SIAYR > 4000 (n=14619); 0 ≤ SIAYR ≤ 4000 (n=31318) and SIAYR < 0 (n=19816). Results and conclusion. Analysis of absolute productivity data revealed that the milk yield for 305 days of the first lactation of cows of the SIAYR > 4000 group was 7324 kg, which was significantly higher by 773 and 960 kg (p≤0.001) compared to the other two groups. The yield of fat in their milk was at the level of 302.0 kg, protein – 242.5 kg, which is also higher by 32.2 and 26.5 kg (p≤0.001) compared to the group 0 ≤ SIAYR ≤ 4000 and the group SIAYR < 0 by 35.4 and 32.0 kg (p≤0.001), respectively. It has been established that with a selection pressure of 70%, the predicted selection effect on milk yield per generation is +124 kg. When the pressure increases to 30%, the selection effect increases more than 2 times and amounts to +280 kg (p≤0.001). With 10% selection of cows into the breeding core, the average milk yield reaches 7797±15.3 kg, with a selection effect of +452 kg per generation or +90 kg per year (p≤0.001). Animals from the combinations SIAYR > 4000 and DIAYR > 4000, 0 ≤ SIAYR ≤ 4000 and DIAYR > 4000 can be used when planning custom matings and insemination with sperm of especially valuable sires.
The effectiveness of the influence of pre-incubation treatment of eggs of different shelf life on the processes of incubation and early feeding of broiler chickens of the Ross-308 cross during meat production
Introduction. Federal scientific and technical program for the development of agriculture for 2017-2025. provision is made for the replacement of chemical antimicrobial drugs, which accumulate in the environment and pose a threat to human health, with alternative ones made from natural, environmentally friendly components. In this regard, in industrial poultry farming, where disinfectants and bacterial preparations are used to disinfect air, hatching eggs and poultry equipment, environmentally friendly preparations of the latest generation with a wide spectrum of action, which are successfully used in poultry feeding, are of particular interest. Increasing the hatchability of hatching eggs ensures not only the hatching of a larger number of conditioned daily young animals at a lower cost, but also provides higher profits based on the results of fattening broilers. Therefore, to stimulate the embryonic development of the embryo and increase the hatching of chickens, we used a new method of preliminary incubation treatment of eggs of different shelf life with lactic acid as an alternative to formaldehyde fumes, and for early feeding of chickens at hatching, a prebiotic water-soluble additive “LactuSuper”, which contains natural biologically active substances. and, which is an effective means of correcting dysbiosis, helps to normalize microbiological processes in the digestive tract, increase the intensity of growth and productivity of poultry. Object. The objects of research are hatching eggs and broiler chickens of the Ross 308 cross. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on the basis of Mega Yurma LLC, Cheboksary district of the Republic of Chuvashia, on 5 groups of hatching eggs of different shelf life, 5184 pieces each, and day-old chicks, 150 heads each. Eggs from the experimental groups were disinfected with lactic acid (20% solution), and eggs from the control groups were disinfected with formaldehyde vapor according to the standard procedure. Chickens of experimental groups I and III received early feeding with the prebiotic feed additive “LaktuVet” at hatching (0.5% solution). Accounting for zootechnical and economic indicators was carried out according to approved methods used at large poultry enterprises. Results and conclusions. Pre-incubation disinfection of eggs of different shelf life with a 20% lactic acid solution contributed to an increase in the hatching of chickens: in experimental group I (5 days of storage) – by 2.44% compared to the control (1), in experimental groups II and III (10 days of storage) – by 1.02 and 2.45% compared to control (2). At the same time, increasing the shelf life of hatching eggs to 10 days is not critical and is quite acceptable for incubation in industrial conditions for the production of broiler meat. Early feeding of chickens of the I and III experimental groups with a 0.5% solution of the drug "LactuSuper" directly in the hatcher trays using the cold fog method resulted in a predominance in live weight of broiler chickens of the I experimental group over the control (1) by 112.8 g (5.58%; P≤0.001), and III experimental – by 111.3 g (5.54; P≤0.001) above the control (2). Based on the results of a production test, the total economic efficiency of the influence of lactic acid on the hatching of chickens and their early feeding on the formation of meat productivity was determined. An increase in the level of profitability in the experimental group was established by 15.34%.
FE-NI-P galvanic coatings for restoration of worrn parts of agricultural machinery and technological equipment
Introduction. By analyzing the electrodeposited Fe-Ni-P alloy using electron microscope scanning and X-ray analysis, its unusual structure, including micro and morphological features, becomes apparent. This alloy, produced from a sulphate electrolyte using asymmetric alternating current, is a complex system with the presence of α-Fe and β-Ni phases, as well as phosphorus integrated into FeαNi and a FeSO4 phase resulting from electrolysis under dynamic conditions. The use of heat treatment causes the appearance of additional phases such as Ni3P and Fe3P. A notable characteristic of this alloy is its unique amorphous-nanocrystalline structure. Enhancing the performance of Fe-Ni-P alloy shells is the integration of phosphorus, which makes them twice strong and three times more corrosion resistant than traditional Fe-Ni shells. Also, heat treatment of these shells leads to an increase in their resistance to corrosion and microhardness due to the creation of intermetallic phases. It has been observed that plows treated in this way are distinguished by 1.5-2.2 times improved resistance to abrasion and corrosion compared to sormite products, achieving results similar to composite shells. Research shows a significant reduction in wear on the inside of grain pipelines after they are treated with an alloy based on iron, nickel and phosphorus. In particular, after moving 25,000 tons of grain, grain pipelines restored with this alloy demonstrate approximately 2.4-3.1 times lower levels of wear compared to analogues made from conventional sheet steel. Object. The object of the study is the study of galvanic coatings of the Fe-Ni-P type. Results and conclusion. The use of cathode current with variable asymmetry, where the current density ranges from 5 to 30 A/dm2 and the asymmetry coefficient ranges from 8 to 12, leads to the formation of surfaces with uniform structures. These structures are characterized by the presence of both amorphous and crystalline particles, creating patterns that are similar in appearance to spheres and droplets. They contain phases of compounds such as Ni3P and Fe3P, and also contain elements such as α-Fe, β-Ni, and phosphorus, which are incorporated into FeαNi solid solutions.
Digital twin of the chassis of electric agricultural vehicle
Introduction. The article is devoted to the study and optimization of the chassis parameters of an electric cargo vehicle, depending on road conditions in the process of performing the transport task of an agricultural enterprise, using the method of simulation modeling. Object: study of a digital twin of the suspension of a sample vehicle to optimize its technical characteristics. Methods. Based on the developed mathematical model of the suspension of an electric vehicle and its calculated characteristics, a simulation model of the chassis of an electric cargo vehicle was compiled. The simulation model contains parameters of road surface roughness, as well as the specified speed and longitudinal acceleration of the digital twin. The objects of research were the elastic-damping characteristics of the suspension elements of an electric vehicle. Results. The results of simulation tests of a digital twin of an electric vehicle chassis when passing an obstacle in the form of a 50 mm hole are presented, and the case of maximum acceleration of an electric vehicle from a standstill of 3 m/s2 is also considered. The result of the simulation was the dependence of the movement of the body along the vertical axis z ̇ (m/s) and the rate of change in the angle of inclination of the body in the longitudinal plane (swaying of the body) θ ̇ (rad/s), on the time of passing the obstacle. The analysis of the operation of the suspension of an electric vehicle substantiated the characteristics obtained by calculation. The suspension of an electric vehicle allows for smooth operation in the range of 1.5-2.5 Hz.
Technological aspects of spraying in the cultivation of cereals
Introduction. The plant protection system includes a set of methods, techniques and means aimed at preserving the harvest, protecting cultivated plants from diseases and pests, and ensuring the safety of grown products. The technological process of ground spraying of cereal crops depends on the type of nozzle and its location relative to the boom. With a vertically directed arrangement of bodies, the fundamental factor for successful spraying is the choice of the type of nozzles, the spray rate and the average droplet size. The purpose of the research was to substantiate the technology of application and technical means of chemical treatment of soil and plants for the cultivation of cereal crops based on the modernization of a ground boom sprayer, which helps to increase the productivity and consumer quality of crop products in combination with the safe application of a working solution. Materials and methods. To compare the technological advantage of spraying with double-jet injection nozzles with asymmetric jet angles over conventional single-flare injection nozzles, field production tests of the spraying process with different nozzles (single-flare flat jet – XR8003 and AI3070) were carried out. Qualitative indicators of the dispersed composition of settled drops and the thickness of the coating of the treated object were determined by the indicator strip method in accordance with GOST R 53053. Results and discussions. Interim results of studies of the influence of the spraying technological process on the qualitative indicators of droplet distribution at various levels of the plant stand are presented in a graphical representation. The coefficient of change in quality indicators is given relative to the basic spraying technology based on slot sprayers for a zone of 10 centimeters after 20 centimeters. Conclusion. The research results showed that the use of slot sprayers reduces the amount of coverage area in the lower part of the stems relative to the upper by 2.90 times. For the two-flare spraying method – 0.87 times, and when arranging nozzles according to RF patent No. 2783606 – 0.90 times.
Dynamics of the cultivator rack with spring fuses
The forced vibrations of the stand of a modern cultivator as a result of the action of the soil resistance force are investigated. A graph of the spectral density modulus of the disturbing moment created by the soil resistance force is constructed. The spectral density graph contains two explicit maxima. The frequencies corresponding to these maxima are determined. The numerical solution of the differential equation of vibrations of the cultivator rack with spring fuses is performed. Graphs of the dependence of the rotation angle and angular velocity of the cultivator's paw on time are constructed. Phase trajectories corresponding to experimental samples of disturbing effects on the cultivator's paw are constructed.
Modular aggregation of power converters of mobile power systems
Introduction. It is possible to increase the profitability of small farms remote from the external energy system through the use of mobile energy systems using renewable energy sources in areas with high potential for wind and solar energy. In addition, such systems will increase the efficiency of emergency rescue and emergency restoration work in areas of natural disasters and destruction. The main advantages of mobile power systems, as well as the advantages of modular aggregation of the functional elements of these systems, are considered. The main stages of the synthesis of mobile energy systems based on renewable sources are revealed. Basic power electrical circuits of modular blocks of electricity converters and methods for connecting them to each other are proposed, which make it possible to increase the reliability of operation and installed capacity of a mobile power system, as well as optimize its structure depending on consumer requirements for reliability of electricity, including uninterrupted power supply, and power quality. To improve the operational and technical characteristics of a mobile power system, it is proposed to use the positive property of static converters - to pass energy flows in both directions. A block diagram of a mobile energy system based on modular blocks of static converters has been developed and the features of its operation are revealed. The purpose of the study is to develop structural and circuit solutions for modular units of electricity converters to improve the operational and technical characteristics of mobile power systems. Object of study: structural and circuit solutions of static electricity converters and mobile power systems. Materials and methods. When conducting research, methods of statistical information processing, theoretical foundations of electrical engineering and power electronic converter technology were used. Results and conclusions. Schematic electrical diagrams of modular blocks of electricity converters and methods for connecting them to each other are proposed. A block diagram of a mobile power system based on renewable energy sources and modular blocks of electricity converters has been developed. The features of the operation of modular units of electricity converters and the operation of a mobile power system are considered, which will increase the efficiency of pre-design work on the development of autonomous power plants with improved operational and technical characteristics.
Promising ways to improve safety non-stationary electric machines
Introduction. The widespread use of non-stationary electric machines (SPM) in the rural infrastructure, which are operated in specific conditions, is associated with the impact of hazardous factors on humans, such as electric current and vibration. Therefore, the solution to the problem of SPM safety should be comprehensive in order to reduce the occurrence of electrical injuries and vibration injuries when working with this electrical equipment. Object. The object of the study is the SPM used at the enterprises "Agroholding Nikolaevsky" and "SIBAGRO" of the Republic of Buryatia of the Baikal region. Materials and methods. The article analyzes the safety of SPM by two methods in two areas of research: electrical safety and vibration safety. At this stage, when operating the SPM, it is advisable to use residual current devices (RCDs) to ensure electrical safety, which provide protection of a person from electric shock in the event of emergencies. To ensure vibration safety of SPM, in particular, hand-held power tools, it is advisable to use advanced vibration protection. Existing means of vibration protection do not fully ensure the vibration safety of handheld power tools and can cause vibration damage to a person working with this equipment. Results and discussion. As a result of the studies performed, portable three-phase RCDs with smooth and step-by-step regulation of the tripping current setpoint from 5 to 30 mA with a response time of 0.03 s were developed to improve the electrical safety of SPMs. These RCDs protect single SPMs and can protect stationary electrical installations in group networks at a rated voltage of 220/380V and a load current of no more than 16A. Showing a reduction in the occurrence of electrical injuries by up to 70%. In order to improve the vibration safety of the SPM, additional vibration protection devices have been developed, which represent the design of a shock-absorbing device in a hand-held power tool. When substantiating the elements of the shockabsorbing device, the parameters of the hand-held power tool were studied without additional vibration protection. Experimental operation of hand-held power tools with additional vibration protection showed a significant reduction in vibration parameters by 20÷30% and compliance of vibration speed values with regulatory requirements. The above approach to solving the problem contributes to a significant increase in the safety of SPM and their subsequent operation at agricultural facilities.
Factors affecting usage figures automated vehicles for loading and transporting hay-straw materials in rolls
Introduction. The development of the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation is aimed at the development and implementation of modern technologies and technical means based on the latest achievements of Russian science. The use of technical means and technologies using automation and digitalization tools, as well as the use of robotic machines in the agro-industrial complex will significantly increase labor productivity and the quality of agricultural products. In addition, this will lead to increased economic efficiency of production. The introduction of highly efficient technologies in the agricultural sector of production is a strategic vector of scientific and technological progress of the agro-industrial complex in the modern world. The most important branches of agricultural production are crop production and livestock farming. At the same time, the main task of crop production is, in particular, a stable supply of high-quality feed to the livestock industry, including hay formed into rolls. Removing hay rolls from the field implies the implementation of a set of agrotechnical, organizational, technological, technical and economic measures, the development of which is impossible without knowledge of the main factors influencing the development of production and the most important indicators of the use of technical means used, in particular, in harvesting hay rolls from the field from hay-straw materials. The purpose of the work is to analyze the factors influencing the use of automated vehicles for loading and transporting hay and straw materials in rolls. Materials and methods. The results of the work are based on a detailed analysis of scientific articles, reports and presentations at scientific conferences related to the research of technical means for loading and transporting hay and straw materials to storage sites, on the modern theory of the logic of science and the basic principles of the theory of efficiency in technology. Results and discussion. Loading and transporting bales are highly energy-intensive operations in cattle feed production. In addition, various loaders are used to load hay rolls. To reduce the amount of equipment used, reduce the labor intensity of loading hay rolls onto a vehicle platform, and reduce soil compaction of fields by running systems of machines, technical means are being developed with automatic loading of rolls onto the platform (combined technical means). The features of self-loading machines, such as PR-18, TP-10-1, TPR-11, which are also intended for transporting rolls to the place of unloading, are taken into account. The design features of the PTRS-1 and PTRS-2 hay roll loaders-transporters are also considered. These technical means do not require additional machines or mechanisms for loading them in rolls. In this case, rolls of hay are stacked in PTRS-1 in one tier, in PTRS-2 - in two tiers. As a result of the analysis of scientific works on the use of machines when loading rolls of straw hay materials onto technical means, transporting them to places of their storage and unloading, the following groups of factors were identified that influence the results of using automated vehicles for loading and transporting straw hay materials in rolls: technological, design and operational economic. Conclusions. Based on an analysis of the design, technological and operational features of technical means that carry out self-loading of rolls of straw hay materials and their transportation to storage sites, technological, design, operational and economic groups of factors influencing the use of automated vehicles for loading and transporting straw hay materials in rolls have been identified. Technological factors include: indicators of the quality of work performed, the average weight of one roll of hay-straw materials, and the provision of farm loaders and transporters. Design factors include: nominal load capacity, geometric parameters of hay rolls, capacity of the loader-transporter, method of unloading the rolls, traction class of the tractor used as part of the MTA, maximum speed of movement of the MTA, level of mechanization and automation of the mechanisms for loading rolls of hay-straw materials into the loader-transporter and their unloading. The operational and economic factors include: the level of reliability, efficiency and productivity of the loader-transporter of rolls of hay and straw materials.
Electric mobile equipment in agriculture: problems and prospects
Introduction. In recent years, much attention has been paid to solving environmental problems associated with the production, operation and disposal of vehicles. In this regard, electric transport is becoming popular and its market is actively developing throughout the world. The emergence of electric tractors in the agricultural industry is very important, the use of which is becoming increasingly relevant in our time, due to the reduction in fuel costs and negative impacts on the environment. Object. The object of research is electric mobile equipment. Materials and methods. The most substantiated a priori information on scientific decisions in the area under consideration was used as the source material for the research. The research methodology is based on collecting information, studying, analyzing and processing data. Results and conclusion. Work on creating electric vehicles around the world has especially intensified over the past 10- 12 years. The energy source in them is lithium-ion batteries (LIB), in which the cathode includes lithium, iron, manganese, cobalt and their compounds with phosphorus, oxygen; the electrolyte contains ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and fluoroethylene carbonate. Lithium mining entails inevitable environmental disruptions. During the production of LIBs, significant emissions into the atmosphere occur, which are comparable to the production of traditional cars. The rapid pace of electrification of automotive technology in the world can lead to a lithium shortage on Earth, which can be partially solved by extracting lithium from used LIBs by recycling them, which will simultaneously solve the issue of their disposal. To extract lithium from processing products, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and electrochemical extraction technologies are used, which are still under research. The massive conversion of automotive and tractor equipment to electric drive should be implemented systematically and only after the technologies for processing and disposal of used LIB have been improved. As an alter
Application of the theory of harmonic oscillations in the research of the seeder section when sowing soybeans with hydrogel on irrigation
Introduction. Soy is a heat– and moisture-loving crop. Most of it is cultivated by irrigation, because to obtain one ton of product, it is necessary to spend on average at least 3000 m3 of water. As for obtaining sustainable harvests in the arid zones of the lower Volga region, water costs increase by 1.2...1.3 times to obtain the same volume of production. However, this crop is highly valued on world markets for its high content of high protein, high yield, and the possibility of low-cost processing to obtain various types and food products. Soy is a very common product in animal husbandry, especially in pig farming. It is known that the best results in terms of yield and quality of soybean grain are achieved by using mineral fertilizers. At the same time, 17-18% of fertilizers are lost due to their washing into the lower layers of the soil. However, when cultivating soybeans under irrigation, it is necessary to take into account that up to 20% of the costs for obtaining stable yields fall on the supply of irrigation water. It is possible to reduce the cost of water and fertilizers in soybean cultivation by using hydrosorbents, often called hydrogels. At the same time, given that hydrogel is a rather expensive product (up to 500 rubles per kilogram), it should be applied only in the row area and below the bottom of the seed groove by 0.05 ...,06 m. Object. For the processing object, the technological process of sowing soybean seeds under irrigation was selected simultaneously with the hydrogel section of the seeder equipped with additional devices to reduce the cost of irrigation water by applying enriched hydrogel. Materials and methods. For the research, the following were used: a section of a seeder equipped with a furrow cutter and a side sealer and riggers for removing the dry soil layer, as well as measuring instruments; recommended methods for conducting such experiments; the reliability of the experiments was determined using digital methods. Results and conclusions. To increase the efficiency of soybean cultivation in irrigation and reduce the cost of irrigation water, as well as fertilizers, special hydrosorbents are used-hydrogel. Due to the physical characteristics of this substance, it accumulates a certain amount of moisture in its volume, along with fertilizers dissolved in it, and then, as the volume of moisture in the soil decreases, it transfers it through the root system to the plants themselves. To embed the hydrogel into the soil, a section of the seeder has been created, with a furrow cutter and a side seal mounted on it. The section is protected by patent for invention No. 27322452. Studies related to the oscillation of the coulter were carried out using sensors that transmit signals to an analog digital converter (ADC) and then to a computer. The results were processed based on the recording of harmonic oscillations and the obtained spectral density. Based on the data obtained, graphs are plotted for changes in the resistance of the section as well as the angles of oscillation of the coulter depending on the speed of movement. In particular, the limit values of the spring tension limits should not exceed 350 n/m, at a speed of 2.5 to 3.0 m/s, while the limits of the change in the force of turning the wick, "ψ" are 400…500 and the resistance force changes its values from 22H to 35H for each the section.
Parameters of rational influence of monochromatic radiation on the sowing qualities of cucumber seeds
Introduction. The intensive development of vegetable growing is directly related to the availability of healthy seed material, which makes it possible to plan for obtaining a high-quality harvest in the quantity required by the consumer. To realize the possibility of unlocking the full biological potential of cultivated crops, a variety of stimulants are used today, among which are electrophysical methods and methods for activating the internal reserves of seeds before sowing them in the ground. Such impacts, environmentally safe and technologically effective, include pre-sowing stimulation of seed material of vegetable crops with monochromatic radiation using LEDs. Object. The object of research is cucumber seeds of the “Phoenix+” variety with a long shelf life (4 years). Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on cucumber seeds of the Phoenix+ variety with a long shelf life, which were treated with monochromatic light in the yellow-orange spectral range with a wavelength of λ = 590 nm and a duration of 60 to 300 seconds. To conduct the experiments, a research setup was assembled, and the detection of germination energy and seed germination was assessed using standard methods described in the relevant GOST. Results and conclusions. Treatment of cucumber seeds of the Phoenix+ variety with monochromatic yellow-orange radiation with a wavelength of 590 nm revealed the following indicators of the development of seeds, sprouts and roots of seedlings: with an irradiation duration of 180 seconds, the highest increase in germination energy is achieved – 13% over control samples, and with using seed resting, this value is 11%; seed germination without resting was 10% at the same irradiation time of 180 seconds, and with resting – 6%, relative to the control; estimating the length of the roots, it was possible to obtain an increase of 4.3 cm over the control samples, when irradiating the seeds for 180 seconds, at the same time carrying out resting, the results with irradiation for 120 and 180 seconds repeated the results of control observations, and at longer exposures they did not achieve and them; When controlling the length of the sprouts, both options gave a positive result – its increase was observed by 2.8 cm without resting and by 3.3 cm with resting, and the best processing time was 300 and 240 seconds, respectively.
Analytical review of types of energy losses at photovoltaic power plants
Introduction. When supplying energy to agricultural facilities, for any energy source it is important to ensure high efficiency of electrical energy generation by photovoltaic power plants and take into account all the factors that influence it. The purpose of the study is to analyze, systematize and evaluate the factors influencing the utilization level of the solar energy potential when converting solar energy into electrical energy at a photovoltaic power plant. Object of study. Operating private photovoltaic power plants in the Krasnodar Territory. Materials and methods. The paper uses theoretical research methods: literature overview, operating experience of photovoltaic power plants, systematization of the background. Results and conclusions. A photovoltaic power plant has efficiency factor of 15-18%, and additional power losses caused by both suboptimal engineering solutions and inefficient operation of the power plant lead to a significant decrease in this indicator. Energy losses in a photovoltaic plant are divided into solar and electrical energy losses. Solar energy losses include losses from shading, losses from suboptimal spatial orientation of the module, losses from degradation, heating, low efficiency of photovoltaic modules and inconsistent operation of photovoltaic groups. Losses from shading, in turn, are divided into losses from near and far shading, mutual shading of photovoltaic chains, and from pollution. Electrical losses in photovoltaic plants include losses in cables, inverters, transformers and transmission lines. These losses can also be divided conditionally into losses in the direct current circuit, alternating current circuit and losses when converting direct current to alternating current. Losses in conductors and transformers are divided into structural and variable, depending on the load. Electrical losses can be reduced during the design phase of a photovoltaic plant by selecting devices with high performance and by selecting the power of the devices to ensure their optimal loading. For the Krasnodar Territory, energy losses at a photovoltaic power plant can be 10-75 kW•h/m²•year for each type of loss. The analysis of the efficiency of existing private photovoltaic power plants in the Krasnodar Territory showed that due to non-optimal spatial orientation and mutual shading of photovoltaic chains, the installed capacity utilization factor can be reduced to 5-11%.
The technology of refreshing irrigation to compensate for air drought during the rooting period of grape seedlings
Introduction. The problem of the production of root-related seedlings is one of the important scientific directions in creating a technological chain that will ensure the effective development of viticulture in the Lower Volga region. At the same time, the humidity of the cuttings is the determining factor of its successful rooting. The critical point, when the evaporation of moisture from the aboveground part of the cuttings begins to exceed the intake of moisture even from well-moistened soil, is in the region of 40-50%. The relevance of research is determined by the need to create a technology to maintain air humidity above a critical level during periods of air droughts. Object. Planting of grape seedlings during the rooting of the cuttings, considered as an object of realization of climatic risk and mass death of plants due to a critical shift in the moisture balance and drying of growth buds. Materials and methods. The aim of the study is to develop an effective technology to compensate for air drought during the rooting of grape seedlings based on refreshing watering. To regulate the humidity in the plant environment, it was proposed to carry out periodic watering, ensuring continuous wetting of the soil surface to a minimum depth. Experimental verification of theoretically justified provisions was carried out on irrigated lands of the Dubovsky district of the Volgograd region. The area of the experimental plot is 1200 m2, the area of the accounting plot is 300 m2 . Results and conclusions. Carrying out refreshing watering makes it possible to compensate for peak values of air drought, which is an important factor in increasing the efficiency of grape seedling production. Studies have found that continuous wetting of the soil surface makes it possible to create the necessary vector and source of vaporous moisture, which for a certain time effectively compensates for air drought in the surface layer occupied by vegetation. For refreshing irrigation, it is advisable to use a combined irrigation system, which combines the possibility of drip irrigation to regulate the water regime of the soil and microsprinklerized sprinkling to wet the soil surface. A one-time refreshing watering with wetting of the soil surface to a depth of no more than 2-3 cm ensures the regulation of the humidity of the surface air layer for 2.5-4.5 hours. Even on days of maximum air drought, 3-4 watering per day are enough to maintain a relative humidity of at least 50% in the plant environment. Compensation of air drought by carrying out refreshing watering allows the cuttings not only to restore the water balance, but also to form a certain reserve of resource to overcome adverse conditions in the future. The effectiveness of the technology was confirmed experimentally: the total yield of seedlings increased by 24.2%, elite planting material – by 12.6%.
Analysis of designs and technological parameters of chisel plows and subsoilers
Introduction. Improvement of soil tillage processes is the key to quality cultivation of various crops in agriculture and forestry. It is necessary to introduce minimum tillage with minimum energy and labor inputs, providing optimal soil wellness. Deepening of arable layer brings positive results. Creating more favorable conditions for the development of the root system and root nutrition of plants. Object. The object of research is the design of chisel plows and subsoilers, and their working parts. Materials and methods. Data was collected in the Yandex search system, as well as in other electronic libraries and information and analytical portals (eLIBRARY, Base, Google Scholar, Springer Link, CyberLeninka). The information was systematized using cluster analysis. Using the computer software package Microsoft Excel and STATISTICA, horizontal dendrograms of similarities and differences in the parameters of the studied aggregates were constructed. The distances between objects were specified as the Chebychev distance metric, and the Unweighted pair-group centroid method was used as a measure of cluster connection. The search for publications was carried out by year from 2014 to 2024. Results and conclusion. A brief review of loosening working bodies shows that the existing tools have both individual advantages and disadvantages. The analysis of modern working bodies of chisel plows and deep loosening plows has allowed to find ways of further improvement of designs of produced serial implements, which will allow to reduce costs for soil tillage and will be deprived of their disadvantages. The optimum scheme of arrangement of working bodies in the machine – in two rows in staggered order – has been chosen.
The method of arrangement of working bodies based on hydrodynamic analogy on the cultivator frame
Introduction. The paper presents issues related to the justification of the placement of a new working body for surface tillage in the composition of the cultivator and their location on the frame. Materials and methods. When cultivating the soil, the relationship of the indicators of the technological process with the parameters and modes of operation of the new working bodies of the "Scat" type. The impact of working organs of this type creates a Bauschinger effect in the soil. Moreover, the development of the influence of the wave effect due to the shape of the working organ spreads from the entire surface. Field studies of the new working body have also been conducted. Results. When cultivating the soil, the relationship of the indicators of the technological process with the parameters and modes of operation of the new working bodies of the "Scat" type. The impact of working organs of this type creates a Bauschinger effect in the soil. Moreover, the development of the influence of the wave effect due to the shape of the working organ spreads from the entire surface. Field studies of the new working body have also been conducted. Discussions and conclusion. When arranging the working bodies of the "Ramp" type on the cultivator frame for more complete tillage, it is necessary to ensure their overlap in the transverse direction. The technology of tillage with a new working organ can be characterized by some technological parameters: the depth of loosening, the speed of the aggregate, the width of the working organ, the hardness of the soil and, due to the resulting mass movement after exposure to the soil from the Bauschinger effect, the acceleration of the free fall of soil particles. It is also worth noting that the amount of self-determination of semi-blocked cutting indicates a decrease in soil resistance acting on the working body "Ramp", since it functions in partially destroyed soil. The justification for the arrangement of working bodies on the cultivator frame in the indicated way indicates that after the passage of the cultivator, a high-quality soil layer is formed, which is an extremely important technological parameter in preparing the soil for sowing.
Dynamics of walking movement of an experimental vehicle
Introduction. The work examines an experimental vehicle with a combined method of movement – rolling and walking, designed for transporting agricultural goods in field conditions. The choice of movement method depends on the bearing capacity of the supporting surface and the roughness of the terrain. When performing a walking method of movement by a vehicle, the most dangerous stage is the transfer of the first and third moving parts, at the moment of separation from the supporting surface of the movers. The peculiarity of performing walking movement by an experimental vehicle is due to changes in the reactions of the supporting surface between the movers in contact with the ground, as well as the roll angle of the vehicle body, due to changes in the position of the center of mass of the entire structure when performing a “step”. The nature of the change in dynamic parameters during the walking method of moving an experimental vehicle is an urgent task, the research results of which are presented in the work for the period of performing one “step”. Object. The subject of the study is the laws of change in tangential and normal reactions of the supporting surface, as well as the roll angle of an experimental vehicle on soil surfaces such as loam, fine sand, and clay. Materials and methods. A mathematical model of machine dynamics when moving over various soils has been developed. The viscoelastic-plastic model was adopted as a soil model. Results and conclusions. As a result of numerical experiments, the range of changes in the kinematic parameters of the machine was determined, the characteristics of the redistribution of tangential and normal reactions of the supporting surface were obtained, and the roll angle when performing a “step” by the first moving part of the experimental vehicle on various ground surfaces was determined. Thus, the minimum reaction to the middle moving part was 670 N on a clay soil surface, and the maximum was 880 N on fine sand. The minimum roll angle was φ2=2.230 on fine sand, and the maximum φ3=2.750 on clay soils.