Desing of an architectural model of a mid-season soybean variety plant for irrigation conditions

Introduction. The intensification of world soybean production is preceded by an increase in the efficiency of breeding and seed production. Modernization of domestic soybean production should be focused on increasing the demand for improved varieties of soybeans of Russian selection. This is especially true in the southern regions. Here, the natural factors of the life support of the soybean plant favor obtaining high yield levels (3-5 t/ha) of varieties of this crop of average maturation time (110-120 days) under irrigation conditions. The effectiveness of breeding research largely depends on the development of the model variety prototype of soybeans that is closest in terms of economically valuable characteristics to the future original.

Object. The purpose of the research. Based on a comparative analysis of the obtained results of the influence of economically important signs on soybean yield, to develop indicators of the characteristics of an average-ripened soybean variety for future use in production with a yield level of 4 tons /ha of grain and maturation periods of up to 120 days under irrigation conditions.

Materials and methods. For a comprehensive study in the period 2019-2021, varieties of various ecological and geographical origin cultivated under irrigation conditions since their zoning were used: Volgogradka 1 (registered since 1991), Soer 6 (since 2001), VNIIOZ 76 (since 2003), Slavia (since 2009), VNIIOZ 31 (since 2011), Vita (since 2020). The area of plots is 12.6 m2. The repetition is 4-fold. The area of plant nutrition was 0.70 x 0.024 m. Fertilizers N-100, P_2 O_5 -80, K_2O – 50 kg d.v./ha were applied for a programmable yield of 4 t/ha. The irrigation regime is differentiated: in the generative period of development it is maintained at the level of 80% HB, in the vegetative and during the maturation of plants – 70% HB. The productivity structure was determined by selecting plants from 1 m2, photosynthetic parameters were determined by die–cutting, the concentration of crude protein and fat was determined using an infrared analyzer.

Results and conclusions. The analysis of generalized indicators of varieties of the previous stage of selection (16 names) contributed to the design of an architectural model of a plant of the future medium-ripened soybean variety for cultivation under irrigation conditions. In the dynamics of the stage development of plants, it is planned to reduce the vegetative period to 42 days and increase the reproductive period to 78 days. The morphological structure of the stem should be based on medium-sized (0.76 m) plants with increased attachment of the lower beans (0.16 m) and increased branching on average per plant (4 pcs.). The production-oriented capacity of photosynthetically active sowing should be achieved due to the optimized leaf surface area by the beginning of flowering – up to 29 thousand m2 / ha, by the end of flowering increased – up to 70 thousand m2 / ha and significantly enhanced photosynthetic potential – up to 3 million m2 x days/ha. The net productivity of photosynthesis and the collection of dry biomass should not increase in medium-ripened plants in order to avoid increasing their mutual shading, which leads to a decrease in the share of grain in the total biomass. Optimization of the level of leaf-stem mass contributes to the good development of donor-acceptor relations in favor of reproductive organs, therefore, the yield index should be increased to 20%. The orientation of the distribution of plastic substances between the leaves of beans and seeds is closely related to the microdistribution index, which in productive and low-growing varieties of irrigated agriculture should reach 74%. The crop structure of a highly productive plant should be focused on increasing the grain weight on average per plant to 10 g. To do this, it is necessary to strengthen the process of bean formation in the nodes – up to 5.5 pcs. and seed formation in beans up to 2.4 pcs. when optimizing the number of plants for harvesting at the level of 40 pcs. / m2 due to their high preservation during the growing season – 72.7%. Obtaining a high yield – 4 t /ha with increased protein content of grain – up to 40% and optimal oil content – up to 19% will contribute to a high collection of these valuable substances – 1.38 t / ha and 0.65 t / ha under irrigation conditions.

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