Formation of highly productive agrophytocenoses of winter soft wheat in the central non-chernozem region

Introduction. The increase in winter soft wheat yields is achieved through the successful introduction of new promising varieties, intensive technologies and methods of process management in agriculture. Materials and methods. The test was performed at the experimental site of FRC Nemchinovka in the period from 2018 to 2023. The medium loamy sod-podzolic soil was characterised by slightly acid reaction of soil medium (рН_KCl 5.3- 5.5), the content of mobile phosphorus corresponded to a high level (195-275 mg/kg), and the content of mobile potassium was elevated (130-156 mg/kg). The precursor of winter wheat is occupied fallow. Agrotechnologies and varieties were studied in a two-factor field experiment. Repetition of the experiment was threefold. Plot area – 72 m² , counting area – 56 m² . Placement of plots in the experiment was systematic. Results and conclusions. Hydrothermal conditions have a significant influence on yield data of winter wheat varieties. Low yields and reduced photosynthetic productivity are caused by excessive temperature range and moisture deficit. The use of increased doses of mineral fertilizers in combination with an integrated system of plant protection, increases the assimilation surface and the duration of its productive work, thereby offsetting the negative impact of weather conditions, which on the productivity of winter wheat is favourable. The highest photosynthetic potential was observed in favourable years with sufficient moisture and a set of effective positive temperatures in varieties Moskovskaya 40, Moskovskaya 27 and Nemchinovskaya 85, respectively 8.19; 8.66 and 83.9 million m² – day/ha, net photosynthetic productivity, similarly 1.95; 1.76 and 1.54 kg of grain/ha with 1 thousand m² of assimilation area. To improve the plant-sanitary situation of sowing and save the leaf plane of agrocultures guarantees the use of resources of plant protection measures, which allowed to reach the level of biological efficiency from the use of fungicides on winter wheat varieties and high-intensive agro-technology 82- 98 %, insecticides – 77-98 % and herbicides – 98-99 %. When using high-intensity technologies, the yield of Nemchinovskaya 85 was 9.48 t/ha, which was 35 % higher than the basic technology, Moscow 27 – 8.98 t/ha (32 % increase) and Moscow 40 – 9.05 t/ha (16 % increase).

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