Alternative to antibiotics – black soldier fly (Hermetia Illucens) antimicrobial peptides (Review)

The article provides data on the antimicrobial properties of Hermetia Illucens. According to the studied literature, antimicrobial peptides are classified into groups. In addition, the fatty acid composition of a 15-dayold larva and the biological activity of fat were analyzed and presented. Antimicrobial and antifungal activity of black lion larvae fat in the plant food matrix.

Introduction. In the modern world, multi-drug antibiotic resistance is an increasingly serious problem which poses a serious threat to plants, animals and humans. The unreasonable use of antibiotics has led to the spread and increase in the number of infectious diseases that existing antibiotics may not be able to cope with. Thus, there is a need for the development of new classes of antibiotics that do not induce resistance. It is necessary to find agents with new mechanisms of action for the development of such antimicrobial compounds. Antimicrobial peptides are excellent candidates for this role. Penetrating through the membranes, they affect the target protein without high specificity, which in turn reduces the probability of induced resistance to a minimum. Scientists have identified about 57 active peptides belonging to various groups of antimicrobial peptides, including defensins, cecropins, attacins and lysozyme. Defensins form the largest group of antimicrobial peptides in insects. As a rule, a defensin-like peptide contains from 34 to 43 amino acids. Antimicrobial peptides obtained from Hermetia illucens can become a good alternative to antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, as they differ in their antimicrobial properties and are less likely to induce resistance. The lipid composition as well as the amino acid composition can be changed by different larvae diets. Larvae fat contains oleic, palmitic, lauric, myristic, stearic and palmitolic acids, which are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and have an intense effect against bacteria.

1. Artamonov A. N., Rybakina E. G., Orlov D. S., Korneva E. A. Biological activity and molecular cellular mechanisms of action of antimicrobial drugs.x peptides of human and living. Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University. 2014. № 1 (11). P. 6.

2. Balandin S. V., Ovchinnikova T. V. Antimicrobial peptides of invertebrates. Part 2. Biological functions and mechanisms of action. Bioorganic chemistry. 2016. № 4 (42). P. 381.

3. Bachinskaya V. M., Deltsov A. A., Antipov A. A. The use of the drug Abiopeptide in poultry farming and its influence on the quality indicators of meat of Cobb-500 cross broilers. Bulletin of the Ryazan State Agrotechnological University named after P. A. Kostychev. 2019. No. 3 (43). Pp. 5-9.

4. Butova S. N., Salnikova V. A. The use of saponin-containing plant extracts as an alternative to synthetic preservatives in cosmetic emulsions. Agrarian Russia. 2017. No. 9. Pp. 14-18.

5. Veselova A. Yu. Study of the influence of natural sources of biologically active substances on the properties of yeast, lactic acid bacteria and bread diseases. Bulletin of the Ryazan State Agrotechnological University named after P. A. Kostychev. 2018. No. 2 (38). Pp. 73-76.

6. Guseva Yu. A., Ermakov M. D. Chemical and amino acid composition of Zophobas Morio larvae. Actual problems of veterinary medicine, animal science, biotechnology and expertise of raw materials and products of animal origin: Proceedings of the scientific and practical conference. Moscow: Agricultural Technologies, 2022. Pp. 446-447.

7. Zaitseva V. V., Dremach G. E., Zaitseva A. V. Efficiency of using Floravit VBF in production conditions. Bulletin of the Ryazan State Agrotechnological University. 2011. No. 3 (11). Pp. 27-31.

8. Kondakova I. A., Zlobin P. A., Vologzhanina E. A., Lgova I. P. Study of the effect of a propolis preparation on microbial contamination of the air. Bulletin of the Ryazan State Agrotechnological University. P.A. Kostycheva. 2013. No. 2 (18). Pp. 24-26.

9. Kiseleva E. V., Tunikov G. M. Efficiency of using modern antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of mastitis in cows. Bulletin of the Ryazan State Agrotechnological University. 2017. No. 4 (36). Pp. 40-44.

10. Krylova L. S., Larionova O. S., Drevko Ya. B. Isolation of antimicrobial peptides by high-performance liquid chromatography from larvae in Galleria mellonella and the study of some of their properties. Biotechnology: state and prospects of development: materials of the IX International. congress. 2017. Pp. 478-480.

11. Krylova L. S., Remizov E. K., Smirnova K. Y., Larionova O. S. Indication of peptides from insect larval biomass and study of their antimicrobial activity. Current issues of veterinary biology. 2019. № 4 (44). Pp. 3-6.

12. Leonova V. A. Potential probiotic compounds and penetrated the organic filter of the L. helveticus metabolic complex. Writing forgiveness. 2024. No. 1. Pp. 78-82.

13. Martinson E. A., Alalykin A. A., Litvinenko S. G. The study of the biochemical composition of Hermetia illucens larvae. Science and society as a whole world: Collection of materials and All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference. Moscow: Publishing house "Znanie-M", 2023. Pp. 443-445.

14. Mechtaeva E. V., Gromozdova K., Dzyubenko V. V., et al. Cultivation of black lion larvae in substrates containing antibiotics. Siberian Bulletin of Agricultural Science. 2023. Vol. 53. No. 10. Pp. 76-84.

15. Meshev E. M. Prospects for finding new agents for antimicrobial therapy for streptococcal infections of animals. Agrarian Russia. 2009. No. 6. Pp. 26-28.

16. Mikhailova M. V., Zolotarev K. V., Nakhod V. I., Mikhailov A. N. Nutritional value of larvae of the black lion (Hermetia illucens Linnaeus, 1758), grown using waste from fermented milk production, as a component of fish feed. Fish farming and fisheries. 2023. Vol. 17. No. 6 (209). Pp. 402-411.

17. The Black Soldier Fly. https://krasivosti.pro/nasekomye/59012-muha-chernaja-lvinka.html

18. Nekrasov R. V., Chabaev M. G., Zelenchenkova A. A., Bastrakov A. I., Uakova N. A. Nutrients of Hermetia Illucens L. larvae – a new software product for a young pig (Sus scrofa domesticus Erxleben). Agricultural biology. 2019. № 2 (54). Pp. 316-323.

19. Dudnikov A. I., Mikhalishin V. V., Dudnikov S. A., et al. New means and methods of anti-foot and mouth disease protection. Agrarian Russia. 2001. No. 3. Pp. 24-29.

20. Prokudina O. V., Pestsov G. V., Tretyakova A. V., et al. The use of Hermetia illucens lipids for the study of cosmetics. Bulletin of the Tajik National University. Series of Natural Sciences. 2023. No. 4. Pp. 178-188.

21. Ruban A. A., Kulishova K. E., Dzyubenko V. V. Development of a methodology for the determination of ceftriaxone in the larvae of the black lion fly (Hermetia illucens) by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode–matrix detector. Scientific and practical International Conference of young scientists and specialists of the Department of Agricultural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2022. № 1. Pp. 273-276.

22. Alternative protein sources for the production of eco-feeds for fish : No. 2022623374: Certificate of state registration of the database No. 2022623652 RF; application 01.12.2022; publ. 23.12.2022 / Yu. A. Guseva, I. V. Poddubnaya, M. D. Ermakov, Ya. E. Yarosh; applicant Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering named after N. I. Vavilov".

23. Smirnova K. H., Krylova L. S., Remizov E. K., Gorgunova S. V. Isolation of antibodies from hermetia illucens larvae and their application. International Bulletin of Veterinary Medicine. 2020. No 2. Pp. 58-62.

24. Tkachev A. D. Antimicrobial peptides of insects as a promising alternative to antibiotics. Problems of biology, animal science and biotechnology: Proceedings of the scientific and practical conference of the Scientific Society of Students and postgraduates of the Faculty of Biology and Technology. Novosibirsk: Publishing Center of Novosibirsk State Agrarian University "Zolotoy Kolos", 2022. Pp. 227-230.

25. Tuichiev K., Ginatullina E. N. Growing larvae of Zophobas Morio and Hermetia illucens as a source of feed protein for animals. Waste processing technologies to obtain new products: materials in the V All-Russian Scientific and practical conference. Kirov: Vyatka State University, 2023. Pp. 100-103.

26. Uakova N. A., Sverguzova S. V., Khayiev I. G., et al. Cuticle of pupae of the black lioness Hermetia illucens as a biosorbent for probiotics. Because of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The series is biological. 2023. No. 3. Pp. 332-336.

27. Shchukina S. Insects – an unconventional source of protein. Animal Husbandry of Russia. 2018. No. 6. P. 26.

28. Agnolucci M., Daghio M., Mannelli F., Secci G., Buccioni A. Use of chitosan and tannins as alternatives to antibiotics to controlmold growth on PDO Pecorino Toscano cheese rind. Food Microbiol. 2020. No 92. 103598.

29. Wang G., Mishra B., Lau K., Lushnikova T., Golla R., Wang X. Antimicrobial peptides in 2014. Pharmaceuticals. 2015. Vol. 8. Pp. 123-150.

30. Harlystiarini R. M., I Wayan Teguh Wibawan, Dewi Apri A. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens) Larva Extracts Against Gram-Negative Bacteria. Bulletin of Animal Science. 2019. No 43 (2). Pp. 125-129.

31. Heakal A. A. M. Study of the antimicrobial properties of dispersive systems based on the black soldier fly (hermetia illucens) larvae fat and the prospects of their use in medicine, veterinary and crop protection. Manuscript. 2022. Pp. 1-162.

32. Jing Xia, Chaorong Ge, Huaiying Y. Antimicrobial Peptides from Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as Potential Antimicrobial Factors Representing an Alternative to Antibiotics in Livestock Farming. Animals. 2021. № 11 (7). Рp. 2-16.

33. Kim S. W., Less J. F., Wang L., Yan T., Kiron V., Kaushik S. J., Lei X. G. Meeting Global Feed Protein Demand: Challenge,Opportunity, and Strategy. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 2019. V. 7. Pp. 17.01–17.23.

34. Lee K.-S., Yun E.-Y., Goo T.-W. Antimicrobial Activity of an Extract of Hermetia illucens Larvae Immunized with Lactobacilluscasei against Salmonella Species. Insects. 2020. V. 11. 704 p.

35. Liland N. S., Biancarosa I., Araujo P., Biemans D., Bruckner C. G., Waagbø R., Torstensen B. E., Lock E. Modulation of nutrient composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae by feeding seaweed-enriched media. PLoS One. 2017. № 12. Рp. 1–23.

36. Liu C., Wang, C., Yao H. Comprehensive Resource Utilization of Waste Using the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens (L.))(Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Animals 2019. V. 9. 349 p.

37. Marusich E., Mohamed H., Afanasev Y., Leonov S. Fatty acids from Hermetia illucens larvae fat inhibit the proliferation and growth of actual phytopathogens. Microorganisms. 2020. № 8. Рp. 1–21.

38. Moretta A., Salvia R., Scieuzo C. A bioinformatic study of antimicrobial peptides identified in the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Scientific reports. 2020. Рp. 1-14.

39. Osama E., Dingzhong Z., Qi S., Aziz S. A., Minmin C., Longyu Z., Ziniu Y., Jibin Z., Humberto L. M. Screening, Expression,Purification and Functional Characterization of Novel Antimicrobial Peptide Genes from Hermetia illucens (L.). PLoS ONE. 2017. V. 12. e0169582.

40. Sarkinas A., Trakselė L., Zabulionė A., Tracevicius S., Salaseviciene A. Influence of fat additives of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) larvae on the dynamics of microorganisms in model food systems. http://www.insectum.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Foodmicro-poster-A.-%C5%A0arkinas.pdf

41. Shirzadi H., Shariatmadari F., Torshizi M. A. K., Rahimi S., Masoudi A. A., Zaboli G., Hedayat-Evrigh N. Plant extractsupplementation as a strategy for substituting dietary antibiotics in broiler chickens exposed to low ambient temperature. Arch.Anim. Nutr. 2020. V. 74. Pp. 206–221.

42. Sogari G., Amato M., Biasato I., Chiesa S., Gasco L. The Potential Role of Insects as Feed: A MultiPerspective Review. Animals. 2019. No 9. P. 119.

43. Wimley W. C., Hristova K. Antimicrobial Peptides: Successes, Challenges and Unanswered Questions. The Journal of Membrane Biology. 2011. № 239 (1-2). Pp. 27-33.