Influence of the predecessor and elements of cultivation technology on the yield of a new variety of winter wheat «Bylina Dona»

Summary The article presents the results of research on the effect of winter wheat precursors black steam and peas on grain yield. Higher yields were noted for the predecessor black steam. However, in conditions of intensification of agriculture, peas can become a promising precursor of winter wheat. It provides economic compensation for a slight decrease in yield (by 10.0-11.9%), compared with black steam, due to the return on annual use of the field.

Introduction. Based on previous studies, it was found that the best precursor for winter wheat in the zone of insufficient moisture is black steam, which contributes to obtaining the highest grain yield. However, in the realities of the modern market, the use of steam often turns out to be economically costly. Therefore, it remains relevant to search for alternatives to the black pair of precursors of winter wheat, allowing in specific soil and climatic conditions to fully unlock the potential of not only the crop, but also the agrocenosis of the field over time. In this regard, the purpose of the research is to establish the optimal precursor and key elements of cultivation technology that ensure high yields of a new variety of winter wheat Bylina Don in the conditions of the Azov zone of the Rostov region.

Materials and methods. The research was carried out at the experimental hospital of FSBSI FRARC in 2019-2022, the soil of the experimental site is represented by ordinary chernozem, carbonate medium-sized light loam on loess-like loam. Two precursors of winter wheat were studied: black steam, peas for grain. Against their background, there are different seeding rates: 1) 4.0 million units/ha; 2) 4.5 million units /ha (control); 3) 5.0 million units /ha and mineral nutrition levels: without fertilizers – "0", moderate – "1" (N80P60K60), high – "2" (N120P80K80). When conducting the field experiment, generally accepted methods were used.

Results and conclusions. The precursor of winter wheat, black steam, contributed to a higher average yield compared to its predecessor, peas. This difference at the studied seeding rates in conditions of moderate nutrition background was 10.0%, high – 11.9%. The average yield of winter wheat for peas, regardless of seeding rates and fertilizers, was 7.8-9.1% less than after steam. The seeding rate of 4.0 million units /ha reduced grain yield, regardless of the background of fertilizers, for steam by 16.8-17.3%, for peas – by 17.1-19.7%, compared with the control. The rate of 5.0 million units / ha provided an increase in yield, relative to control, for steam – by 7.5-8.7%, for peas – by 5.9-7.6%. The steam predecessor gave the greatest increase in yield from fertilizers, which amounted to 0.88-1.27 t/ha (28.3-31.6%) for the average background, and 1.54-2.09 t/ha (49.5-52.0%) for the high background. The best return on the use of fertilizers was obtained on the variant with the steam precursor, fertilizer and seeding standards N120P80K80 and 5.0 million units/ha – 7.39 kg/kg. The highest grain yield was provided in variants with a seeding rate of 5.0 million units/ha and a background nutrition of N120P80K80, amounting to the predecessors: steam – 6.11 t/ha, peas – 5.35 t/ha.

Conclusions. Black steam remains an effective precursor of winter wheat, providing the highest grain yield. However, in conditions of intensification of agricultural production, peas can become a promising precursor to wheat. A decrease in grain yield after this leguminous crop by 10.0-11.9% can be economically compensated by obtaining additional products with the annual use of the production field with an improvement in its soil fertility and phytosanitary conditions.

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